Abstract
In order to improve the selectivity and stability of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) aerogel, it was composited with TiO2 aerogel. A TiO2-MF hybrid aerogel was in situ prepared on the surface of carbon fibers for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The extraction performance of TiO2-MF aerogel was regulated by changing the ratio of TiO2 sol and MF sol during the material preparation. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC–DAD), the extraction tube filled by TiO2-MF aerogel-coated carbon fibers was evaluated with several types of environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), estrogens, and ultraviolet filters. Because of favourable extraction performance of PAHs they were selected as model analytes, and some important influence factors were optimized for satisfactory sensitivity. The detection limits were in the range 0.05–0.10 μg L−1, owing to high enrichment factors (653–1007). The online in-tube SPME-HPLC–DAD method was verified for the determination of trace PAHs in environmental water samples, and acceptable recovery (70–118%) was achieved. The analytical methods also displayed some advantages in comparison with other reports. Moreover, the extraction tube exhibited satisfactory chemical stability.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhang F, Zhang G, Liao X (2021) Negative role of biochars in the dissipation and vegetable uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an agricultural soil: cautions for application of biochars to remediate PAHs contaminated soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 213:112075
Ito R, Ushiro M, Takahashi Y, Saito K, Ookubo T, Iwasaki Y, Nakazawa H (2011) Improvement and validation the method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of tricyclic antidepressants in human urine samples. J Chromatogr B 879(31):3714–3720
Abedi H, Ebrahimzadeh H, Ghasemi JB (2015) Solid phase headspace microextraction of tricyclic antidepressants using a directly prepared nanocomposite consisting of graphene, CTAB and polyaniline. Microchim Acta 182(3–4):633–641
Zare F, Ghaedi M, Daneshfar A (2015) Solid phase extraction of antidepressant drugs amitriptyline and nortriptyline from plasma samples using core-shell nanoparticles of the type Fe3O4@ZrO2@N-cetylpyridinium, and their subsequent determination by HPLC with UV detection. Microchim Acta 182(11–12):1893–1902
Liu L, Meng W-K, Zhou Y-S, Wang X, Xu G-J, Wang M-L, Lin J-M, Zhao R-S (2019) β-Ketoenamine-linked covalent organic framework coating for ultra-high-performance solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from environmental samples. Chem Eng J 356:926–933
Zhang B, Xu G, Li L, Wang X, Li N, Zhao R-S, Lin J-M (2018) Facile fabrication of MIL-96 as coating fiber for solid-phase microextraction of trihalomethanes and halonitromethanes in water samples. Chem Eng J 350:240–247
Meng W-K, Liu L, Wang X, Zhao R-S, Wang M-L, Lin J-M (2018) Polyphenylene core-conjugated microporous polymer coating for highly sensitive solid-phase microextraction of polar phenol compounds in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 1015:27–34
Sun M, Feng J, Bu Y, Luo C (2015) Nanostructured-silver-coated polyetheretherketone tube for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 38(18):3239–3246
Wen C-Y, Chen J, Li M, Xue Y, Aslam S, Subhan F, Zhao R, Yu J, Zeng J, Chen X (2017) Gold nanoparticles deposited on mesoporous carbon as a solid-phase sorbent with enhanced extraction capacity and selectivity for anilines. Microchim Acta 184(10):3929–3936
**ao R, Zhang X, Zhang X, Niu J, Lu M, Liu X, Cai Z (2017) Analysis of flavors and fragrances by HPLC with Fe3O4@GO magnetic nanocomposite as the adsorbent. Talanta 166:262–267
Xu J, Zheng J, Tian J, Zhu F, Zeng F, Su C, Ouyang G (2013) New materials in solid-phase microextraction. TrAC-Trend Anal Chem 47:68–83
Tian Y, Feng J, Wang X, Luo C, Sun M (2019) Ionic liquid-functionalized silica aerogel as coating for solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1583:48–54
Wang X, Lu M, Wang H, Huang P, Ma X, Cao C, Du X (2016) Three-dimensional graphene aerogel–mesoporous carbon composites as novel coatings for solid-phase microextraction for the efficient enrichment of brominated flame retardants. New J Chem 40(7):6308–6314
Amini R, Rouhollahi A, Adibi M, Mehdinia A (2011) A new disposable ionic liquid based coating for headspace solid-phase microextraction of methyl tert-butyl ether in a gasoline sample followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Talanta 84(1):1–6
Rewar AS, Shaligram SV, Kharul UK (2016) Polybenzimidazole based polymeric ionic liquids possessing partial ionic character: effects of anion exchange on their gas permeation properties. J Membr Sci 497:282–288
Wang X, Huang P, Ma X, Du X, Lu X (2019) Enhanced in-out-tube solid-phase microextraction by molecularly imprinted polymers-coated capillary followed by HPLC for endocrine disrupting chemicals analysis. Talanta 194:7–13
Li G, Row KH (2017) Recent applications of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on micro-extraction techniques. Sep Purif Rev 47(1):1–18
Kamalabadi M, Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Ghoorchian A (2021) Crystal violet-modified HKUST-1 framework with improved hydrostability as an efficient adsorbent for direct solid-phase microextraction. Microchim Acta 188(9):305
Zeng J, Li Y, Zheng X, Li Z, Zeng T, Duan W, Li Q, Shang X, Dong B (2019) Controllable transformation of aligned ZnO nanorods to ZIF-8 as solid-phase microextraction coatings with tunable porosity, polarity, and conductivity. Anal Chem 91(8):5091–5097
Gao W, Cheng J, Yuan X, Tian Y (2021) Covalent organic framework-graphene oxide composite: a superior adsorption material for solid phase microextraction of bisphenol A. Talanta 222:121501
Feng J, Feng J, Ji X, Li C, Han S, Sun H, Sun M (2021) Recent advances of covalent organic frameworks for solid-phase microextraction. TrAC-Trend Anal Chem 137:116208
Adhikary SK, Ashish DK, Rudzionis Z (2021) Aerogel based thermal insulating cementitious composites: a review. Energ Build 245:111058
Du A, Zhou B, Zhang ZH, Shen J (2013) A special material or a new state of matter: a review and reconsideration of the aerogel. Materials 6(3):941–968
Huang J, Zeng J, Liang B, Wu J, Li T, Li Q, Feng F, Feng Q, Rood MJ, Yan Z (2020) Multi-arch-structured all-carbon aerogels with superelasticity and high fatigue resistance as wearable sensors. ACS Appl Mater Inter 12(14):16822–16830
Li Q, Huang J, Zeng T, Zhang X, Li H, Wen C, Yan Z, Zeng J (2020) In situ satalysis and extraction approach for fast evaluation of heterogeneous catalytic efficiency. Anal Chem 92(14):9989–9996
Liu J, Wang X, Shi F, Yu L, Liu S, Hu S, Liu D (2016) Synthesis of mesoporous SiO2 aerogel/WxTiO2 nanocomposites with high adsorptivity and photocatalytic activity. Adv Powder Technol 27(4):1781–1789
Lin L, Yang Z-J, Hung Y-C, Tseng P-Y, Nomura M, Lin Y-F, Hu C (2021) Boosting photoassisted activity for catalytic oxidation of benzoic acid and reduction of 4-nitrophenol with Ag-supported Fe3O4 aerogel. Chem Eng J 405:126641
Chen H-B, Li X-L, Chen M-J, He Y-R, Zhao H-B (2019) Self-cross-linked melamine-formaldehyde-pectin aerogel with excellent water resistance and flame retardancy. Carbohydr Polym 206:609–615
Alshrah M, Naguib HE, Park CB (2018) Reinforced resorcinol formaldehyde aerogel with co-assembled polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and graphene oxide nanosheets. Mater Des 151:154–163
Feng J, Wang X, Tian Y, Luo C, Sun M (2018) Melamine-formaldehyde aerogel coating for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1577:8–14
Tian Y, Feng J, Bu Y, Wang X, Luo C, Sun M (2017) In-situ hydrothermal synthesis of titanium dioxide nanorods on titanium wire for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Bioanal Chem 16:4071–4078
Sun M, Feng J, Feng J, Sun H, Feng Y, Ji X, Li C, Han S, Sun M (2022) Biochar nanosphere- and covalent organic framework nanosphere-functionalized titanium dioxide nanorod arrays on carbon fibers for solid-phase microextraction of organic pollutants. Chem Eng J 433:133645
Zhang B-X, Yu H, Zhang Y-B, Luo Z-H, Han W-J, Qiu W-F, Zhao T (2018) Bacterial cellulose derived monolithic titania aerogel consisting of 3D reticulate titania nanofibers. Cellulose 25(12):7189–7196
Zhang J, Zhang W, Bao T, Chen Z (2015) Polydopamine-based immobilization of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for in-tube solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1388:9–16
Feng J, Sun M, Bu Y, Luo C (2016) Development of a cheap and accessible carbon fibers-in-poly(ether ketone) tube with high stability for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction. Talanta 148:313–320
Ji X, Feng J, Li C, Han S, Sun M, Feng J, Sun H, Fan J, Guo W (2020) Corncob biochar as a coating for trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by online in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 159:105399
Harati F, Ghiasvand A, Dalvand K, Haddad PR (2020) Fused-silica capillary internally modified with nanostructured octadecyl silica for dynamic in-tube solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous media. Microchem J 155:104672
Jillani SMS, Sajid M, Alhooshani K (2019) Evaluation of carbon foam as an adsorbent in stir-bar supported micro-solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater samples. Microchem J 144:361–368
Mollahosseini A, Alamshahi M, Rastegari M (2020) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in non-alcoholic beer by mechanical stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography. J Food Sci Technol 57(10):3792–3800
Wang M, Cui S, Yang X, Bi W (2015) Synthesis of g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites and application as a new sorbent for solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta 132:922–928
Zhou D, Sheng X, Han F, Hu Y, Ding L, Lv Y, Song W, Zheng P (2018) Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on [60]fullerene functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles for the determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea samples. J Chromatogr A 1578:53–60
Wang N, Lu Y, Cui B (2021) Preparation and Application of β-Cyclodextrin functionalised graphene oxide-grafted silica sorbents for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from fried food using a box-behnken design. Food Anal Methods 14(8):1577–1589
Amiri A, Baghayeri M, Karimabadi F, Ghaemi F, Maleki B (2020) Graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane-coated stainless steel mesh for use in solid-phase extraction cartridges and extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mikrochim Acta 187(4):213
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Nos. 21777054 and 21405061) and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ZR2019MB058).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sun, M., Wang, X., Ding, Y. et al. Titania hybridized melamine–formaldehyde aerogel for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to HPLC–DAD. Microchim Acta 189, 456 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05572-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05572-3