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Geochemical vectors to ore and environmental significance at the Chatree epithermal low-sulfidation deposit, Thailand

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Abstract

Understanding geochemical zoning, including major components, minor components, and trace elements, in ore deposits can significantly improve Au exploration. Therefore, in this study, we focus on the geochemical characteristics of ore and alteration zones in the largest low-sulfidation (LS) epithermal Au–Ag deposit in Thailand, namely Chatree deposit. The occurrence of metal and metalloids can be distinguished into three groups: (1) major components in ore minerals (e.g., As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb, and Zn), (2) trace elements in ore minerals (e.g., As, Cd, Hg, and Mn), and (3) trace elements in gangue minerals (e.g., Mn). This study suggests that the ore minerals of a shallow system of the epithermal LS deposit are enriched in As, Sb, and Hg compared to the deeper system. Hydrothermal alteration leads to enrichment of K2O and depletion of Na2O and CaO. Besides major oxides, some low-field strength elements (e.g., Rb, and Ba) show the same behavior as K2O, whereas Sr is similar to CaO. In addition, positive Eu anomalies are associated with hydrothermal alteration. For metals and metalloids, arsenic is an important pathfinder element because its content is associated with the electrum occurrence and significantly increases toward the ore zone. Mn, Pb, and Cd are prominent in the ore zone; whereas, Ti, Al, and Cr decrease toward the ore zone due to dilution from silicification. Furthermore, even though the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the ore and alteration zones are lower than Thailand's Total Threshold Limit Concentration (TTLC) for waste, the mine should still implement critical monitoring of these elements.

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Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere gratitude to Akara Gold Mine for allowing us to collect drill core samples and publish the results of this study. The authors also thank the scientific staff of University of Graz for hel** the first author to use advanced instruments such as ICP-MS, XRF, and EPMA. The first author received Chulalongkorn University (CU) Graduate School Thesis Grant (Grant ID: GCUGR1225633033D) and Ernst Mach Grant-ASEA-UNINET for the financial support provided by the Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF). Finally, we would also like to thank the reviewers for their constructive and helpful reviews. The comments of the reviewers led to significant improvement in the manuscript. We would like to thank the editor-in-chief and two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and many insightful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Sirawit Kaewpaluk, Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij & Abhisit Salam

  2. Applied Mineral and Petrology Research Unit, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij

  3. Basin Analysis and Structural Evolution Research Unit, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij

  4. Institute of Earth Sciences—NAWI Graz Geocenter, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria

    Christoph Hauzenberger

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Kaewpaluk, S., Assawincharoenkij, T., Hauzenberger, C. et al. Geochemical vectors to ore and environmental significance at the Chatree epithermal low-sulfidation deposit, Thailand. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 113, 225–243 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02367-6

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