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Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence: a survey

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Abstract

The goal of the growing discipline of neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (AI) is to develop AI systems with more human-like reasoning capabilities by combining symbolic reasoning with connectionist learning. We survey the literature on neuro-symbolic AI during the last two decades, including books, monographs, review papers, contribution pieces, opinion articles, foundational workshops/talks, and related PhD theses. Four main features of neuro-symbolic AI are discussed, including representation, learning, reasoning, and decision-making. Finally, we discuss the many applications of neuro-symbolic AI, including question answering, robotics, computer vision, healthcare, and more. Scalability, explainability, and ethical considerations are also covered, as well as other difficulties and limits of neuro-symbolic AI. This study summarizes the current state of the art in neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence.

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Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the “ADI 2022” project funded by the IDEX Paris-Saclay, ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. LISV Laboratory, University of Paris Saclay, 10-12 Avenue of Europe, 78140, Velizy, France

    Bikram Pratim Bhuyan & Amar Ramdane-Cherif

  2. School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India

    Bikram Pratim Bhuyan

  3. Persistent Systems, Pune, Mumbai, 411016, India

    Ravi Tomar

  4. School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201306, India

    T. P. Singh

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  2. Amar Ramdane-Cherif
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  3. Ravi Tomar
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  4. T. P. Singh
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Contributions

Conceptualisation, B.P.B., A.R.C., T.P.S. and R.T.; methodology, B.P.B., A.R.C. and R.T.; software, B.P.B., A.R.C. and R.T.; validation, B.P.B., A.R.C., T.P.S. and R.T.; formal analysis, B.P.B., A.R.C. and R.T.; investigation, B.P.B., A.R.C. and R.T.; resources, B.P.B., A.R.C. and R.T.; data curation, B.P.B., A.R.C. and R.T.; writing—original draft preparation, B.P.B.; writing—review and editing, B.P.B., T.P.S., A.R.C. and R.T.; visualisation, B.P.B.; supervision, A.R.C. and R.T.; project administration, B.P.B., A.R.C., T.P.S. and R.T.; funding acquisition, R.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Bikram Pratim Bhuyan.

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Bhuyan, B.P., Ramdane-Cherif, A., Tomar, R. et al. Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence: a survey. Neural Comput & Applic (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09960-z

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