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Indirect P&O type-2 fuzzy-based adaptive step MPPT for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

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Abstract

The output power of the fuel cell depends on the operating conditions, such as the temperature and membrane water content. Therefore, a robust maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach is highly required to ensure the operation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) at the maximum power point. A new hybrid perturb & observe and type-2 fuzzy-based adaptive step size MPPT for PEMFC system is proposed to enhance the dynamic response and eliminates the oscillations around maximum power point at steady state. The type-2 fuzzy approach has been used to scale the variable step size of conventional perturb & observe algorithm to extract the maximum available power of the PEMFC system. The proposed hybrid controller has been tested and validated using MATLAB software via modeling of the fuel cell power system composed of 7 kW PEMFC powering a resistive load through a DC-DC boost converter. Comparative simulation results prove that our proposed hybrid P&O type-2 fuzzy-based MPPT reduces the response time between 14.62 and 84.72% compared to the P&O type-1 fuzzy-based MPPT. The response time is also reduced between 43.99 and 88.04% compared to the conventional P&O fixed step size MPPT. In addition, the proposed controller decreases the steady-state oscillation to an interval of 66.67% to 70.97% compared to the P&O type-1 fuzzy-based MPPT and an interval of 72.73% to 84.85% compared to the conventional P&O fixed step size MPPT.

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Abbreviations

FC:

Fuel cell

FLC:

Fuzzy logic controller

IC:

Incremental conductance

MPP:

Maximum power point

MPPT:

Maximum power point tracking

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

P&O:

Perturbation and observation

PID:

Proportional integral derivative

PEM:

Proton exchange membrane

SMC:

Sliding mode control

μ act :

Activation voltage

C :

Capacitance

C O2 :

Concentration of dissolved oxygen

μ con :

Concentration voltage

I :

Current

D :

Duty cycle

F :

Faraday’s constant

I FC :

Fuel cell current

υ FC :

Fuel cell voltage

P H2 :

Hydrogen pressure

L :

Inductance

ΔI L :

Inductor current ripple

I max :

Maximum current density

A :

Membrane active area

R M :

Membrane resistance

Φ:

Membrane water content

E nernst :

Nernst voltage

κ:

Number of electrons

μ ohm :

Ohmic voltage

ΔυO:

Output voltage ripple

P O2 :

Oxygen pressure

ξ i = 1 – 4 :

Parametric coefficients

P :

Power

R c :

Equivalent resistance of electron

Fs:

Switching frequency

T :

Temperature

λ :

Membrane thickness

R :

Universal gas constant

dI :

Variation in current

dP :

Variation in power

dV :

Variation in voltage

E :

Error

ΔE :

Change in error

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Acknowledgements

The Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research via the DGRSDT supported this research (PRFU Project Code: A01L07UN190120180005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechatronics Laboratory, Optics and Precision Mechanics Institute, Ferhat ABBAS University Setif 1, 19000, Setif, Algeria

    Abdelghani Harrag

  2. College of Engineering at Wadi Addawaser, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Addawaser 11991, Saudi Arabia

    Hegazy Rezk

  3. Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, 61517, Egypt

    Hegazy Rezk

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Harrag, A., Rezk, H. Indirect P&O type-2 fuzzy-based adaptive step MPPT for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Neural Comput & Applic 33, 9649–9662 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05729-w

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