Abstract
Financial literacy refers to skills and knowledge needed to make responsible financial decisions. It, therefore, consists of a set of components, including basic knowledge, money management skills, understanding of financial products, risk awareness, planning and self-control. It can be broken down into three main components: financial knowledge, financial behaviour and financial attitude. Since a good level of financial literacy leads to more informed choices, the present paper investigates which method of aggregation between the three main components is the best to quantify the degree of financial literacy. The operators under investigation, with respect to the sum operation, are the OWA and the Choquet integral. The comparison measure for ranking the quality of decision-making refers to the degree of inconsistency in intertemporal choices using a direct measure between normative and empirical preferences defined by recent research. Results prove that Choquet’s integral defines a better match between the aggregation of the components of financial literacy and the quality of choices in the intertemporal context. The applicability of the present work aims, through a multidisciplinary approach involving mathematical finance and multi-criteria methods, to support the client classification requirement of the Markets in Financial Instrument Directive.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available for the presence of sensible data.
References
Anantanasuwong K (2019) How financial literacy impacts retirement savings: the role of present bias and exponential growth bias. Available at SSRN 3364781
Beliakov G, Pradera A, Calvo T (2007) Aggregation functions: a guide for practitioners. Springer, Heidelberg, p 221
Choquet G (1954) Theory of capacities. Ann De L’inst Fourier 5:131–295
Cruz Rambaud S, Muñoz Torrecillas MJ (2016) Measuring impatience in intertemporal choice. PLoS One 11:2
D'Alessio G, De Bonis R, Neri A, Rampazzi C (2020) L’alfabetizzazione finanziaria degli italiani: i risultati dell’indagine della Banca d’Italia del 2020 [Italian People’s Financial Literacy: The Results of the Bank of Italy’s 2020 Survey]. Bank of Italy Occasional Paper
Fassbender C, Houde S, Silver-Balbus S, Ballard K, Kim B, Rutledge KJ, McClure SM (2014) The decimal effect: behavioral and neural bases for a novel influence on intertemporal choice in healthy individuals and in ADHD. J Cogn Neurosci 26:2455–2468
Fullér R, Majlender P (2001) An analytic approach for obtaining maximal entropy OWA operator weights. Fuzzy Sets Syst 124(1):53–57
Green L, Myerson J, McFadden E (1997) Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward. Mem Cognit 25:715–723
Kahneman (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN: 9780374275631
Kahneman D, Tversky A (2013) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Handb Fundam Financ Decis Mak 1:199–127
Katauke T, Fukuda S, Khan MSR, Kadoya Y (2023) Financial literacy and impulsivity: evidence from Japan. Sustainability 15(9):7267
Knuth DE (1973) Sorting and searching. The art of computer programming. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Li H, Guo Y, Yu Q (2019) Self-control makes the difference: the psychological mechanism of dual processing model on internet addicts’ unusual behavior in intertemporal choice. Comput Hum Behav 101:95–103
Loewenstein G, Prelec D (1992) Anomalies in intertemporal choice: evidence and an interpretation. Q J Econ 107:573–597
Loewenstein G, Thaler RH (1989) Anomalies: intertemporal choice. J Econ Perspect 3:181–193
Martino R, Ventre V (2022) A multidisciplinary approach to decompose decision-making process in the context of intertemporal choices. Ratio Math 43:231–246
Muñoz Torrecillas MJ, Cruz Rambaud S, Takahashi T (2018) Self-control in intertemporal choice and mediterranean dietary pattern. Front Public Health 6:176
OECD (2020) OECD/INFE 2020 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy
O'Hagan M (1988) Aggregating template or rule antecedents in real-time expert systems with fuzzy set logic. In: Twenty-second asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers, vol 2. Pacific Grove, CA, USA, pp 681–689. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSSC.1988.754637
Prelec D (2004) Decreasing impatience: a criterion for non-stationary time preference and hyperbolic discounting. Scand J Econ 106:511–532
Read D (2004) Intertemporal choice. In: Koehler DJ, Harvey N (eds) Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making. Wiley, New York, pp 424–443
Saaty TL (1980) The analytic hierarchy process. McGraw-Hill, New York
Samuelson PA (1937) A note on measurement of utility. Rev Econ Stud 4:155–161
Samuelson PA (1952) Probability, utility, and the independence axiom. Econom J Econom Soc 20(4):670–678
Scheres A, Lee A, Sumiya M (2008) Temporal reward discounting and ADHD: task and symptom specific effects. J Neural Transm 115:221–226
Scheres A, Tontsch C, Thoeny AL (2013) Steep temporal reward discounting in ADHD-combined type: acting upon feelings. Psychiatry Res 209:207–213
Schiff S, Amodio P, Testa G, Nardi M, Montagnese S, Caregaro L, Sellitto M (2016) Impulsivity toward food reward is related to BMI: Evidence from intertemporal choice in obese and normal-weight individuals. Brain Cognit 110:112–119
Simon HA (1997) Models of bounded rationality: empirically grounded economic reason, 3. MIT Press, Cambridge
Takahashi T, Oono H, Inoue T, Boku S, Kako Y, Kitaichi Y, Kusumi I, Masui T, Nakagawa S, Suzuki K, Tanaka T, Koyama T, Radford MH (2008) Depressive patients are more impulsive and inconsistent in intertemporal choice behavior for monetary gain and loss than healthy subjects—an analysis based on Tsallis’ statistics. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29(3):351–358
Ventre V, Martino R (2022) Quantification of aversion to uncertainty in intertemporal choice through subjective perception of time. Mathematics 10:4315
Ventre V, Martino R, Maturo F (2022a) Subjective perception of time and decision inconsistency in interval effect. Qual Quant 57:4855–4880
Ventre V, Cruz Rambaud S, Martino R, Maturo F (2022b) An analysis of intertemporal inconsistency through the hyperbolic factor. Qual Quant 57:819–846
Ventre V, Martino R, Castellano R, Sarnacchiaro P (2023a) The analysis of the impact of the framing effect on the choice of financial products: an analytical hierarchical process approach. Ann Oper Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-05142-z
Ventre V, Salvador CR, Martino R, Maturo F (2023b) A behavioral approach to inconsistencies in intertemporal choices with the Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology. Ann Finance 19:233–264
Wilson VB, Mitchell SH, Musser ED, Schmitt CF, Nigg JT (2011) Delay discounting of reward in ADHD: application in young children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52:256–264
Yager RR (1988) On ordered weighted averaging aggregation operators in multicriteria decisionmaking. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 18:183–190
Zhang F, Zhong H, MO D, MA H, WU X, Wang L, Wang K (2017) A comparative study of intertemporal choice in adolescents schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Chin J Behav Med Brain Sci 12:1009–1014
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support was received during the preparation of this manuscript. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical standards
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Martino, R., Ventre, V. Analysis of aggregation between the components of financial literacy through inconsistency in intertemporal choices. Soft Comput (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09445-6
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-09445-6