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Genetic and population diversity of Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) Brumpt, 1927, on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region

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Abstract

The present investigation was aimed to study the sequence, phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of Toxocara cati based on the ITS region, along with the genetic diversity, demographic history and population-genetic structure. The maximum likelihood tree based on Kimura 2-parameter model was constructed using the complete ITS region of all the nucleotide sequences (n = 57) of Toxocara spp. and other related ascarid worms available in the GenBank™. It placed all the sequences of T. cati into four major clades designated as T. cati genotypes 1–4 (TcG1–G4). A total of 66 signature nucleotides were identified in the ITS region between genotypes. The median-joining haplotype network displayed a total of 24 haplotypes, with China exhibiting the highest number of haplotypes (h = 20) followed by India (h = 4), and Japan and Russia (h = 1). It indicated a clear distinction between all the four genotypes. The pairwise FST values between all the genotypes indicated huge genetic differentiation (> 0.25) between different T. cati genotypes. Moreover, the gene flow (Nm) between T. cati genotypes was very low. Results of AMOVA revealed higher genetic variation between genotypes (92.82%) as compared to the variation within genotypes (7.18%). The neutrality indices and mismatch distributions for the G1–G4 genotypes, Indian isolates and the overall dataset of T. cati indicated either a constant population size or a slight population increase. The geographical distribution of all the genotypes of T. cati is also reported. This is the first report of genoty** of T. cati on the basis of the ITS region.

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Availability of data and materials

All the nucleotide sequences generated and used in the present study are available in the GenBank™. The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director and Joint Director (Research), ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, for carrying out this work.

Funding

This work was funded by ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (U.P.), India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India

    Thangam Venkatesan, Rasmita Panda, Anil Kumar Nehra, Hira Ram, Devendra Prasad Pateer & Rajat Garg

  2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India

    Ansu Kumari

  3. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India

    Anil Kumar Nehra

  4. Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India

    M. Karikalan & A. M. Pawde

  5. Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India

    M. K. Singh

  6. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah Prani Udhyan, Lucknow, UP, India

    Utkarsh Shukla

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Contributions

Thangam Venkatesan, Rasmita Panda: original draft preparation, investigation, methodology.

Anil Kumar Nehra: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, writing — review and editing.

Ansu Kumari: software, formal analysis, methodology.

Hira Ram: writing — review and editing; supervision.

Devendra Prasad Pateer: methodology, investigation.

M. Karikalan: investigation.

Utkarsh Shukla: investigation.

Rajat Garg, M.K. Singh, A.M. Pawde: writing — review and editing.

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Correspondence to Hira Ram.

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ESM 1

Supplementary Fig. 1. The geographical map of India depicting the sampling sites of the various isolates involved in the present study. (PNG 188 kb)

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ESM 2

Supplementary Fig. 2. PCR amplification of the complete ITS region of T. cati. Lane 1: Amplification using genomic DNA from eggs; Lane 2: Amplification using genomic DNA from adult parasite; Lane 3: Negative control (No template); Lane 4: 100 bp Plus DNA ladder (BR Biochem). (PNG 41 kb)

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Venkatesan, T., Panda, R., Kumari, A. et al. Genetic and population diversity of Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) Brumpt, 1927, on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Parasitol Res 121, 3477–3493 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07671-9

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