SpringerLink
Log in

Awareness impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: a systematic MRI review

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Neurology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review aims to define awareness impairment and related disturbances in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum of disorders. An update of the available scientific literature on the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of awareness in these disorders is also offered. MRI plays an important role in the characterization of neurodegenerative signatures and can increase our knowledge on brain structural and functional correlates of awareness. In the reviewing process, we established a-priori criteria and we searched the scientific literature for relevant articles on this topic. In summary, we selected 36 articles out of 1340 publications retrieved from PubMed. Based on this selection, this review discusses the multiple terms used to define different or overlap** aspects of awareness impairment, and specifically summarizes recent application of MRI for investigating anosognosia, social cognition, including theory of mind and emotional processing, free will, and autonoetic awareness alterations in different neurodegenerative disorders, with most of these studies focused on AD and FTLD. This systematic review highlights the importance of awareness impairment and related domains in neurodegenerative disorders, especially in AD and FTLD, and it outlines MRI structural and functional correlates in these populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

This study is a review of already published data.

References

  1. Stuss DT, Anderson V (2004) The frontal lobes and theory of mind: developmental concepts from adult focal lesion research. Brain Cogn 55:69–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kotchoubey B (2018) Human consciousness: where is it from and what is it for. Front Psychol 9:567

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Flashman LA (2002) Disorders of awareness in neuropsychiatric syndromes: an update. Curr Psychiatry Rep 4:346–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Shany-Ur T, Lin N, Rosen HJ, Sollberger M, Miller BL, Rankin KP (2014) Self-awareness in neurodegenerative disease relies on neural structures mediating reward-driven attention. Brain 137:2368–2381

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Sunderaraman P, Cosentino S (2017) Integrating the constructs of anosognosia and metacognition: a review of recent findings in dementia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 17:27

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Chavoix C, Insausti R (2017) Self-awareness and the medial temporal lobe in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 78:1–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, Bermpohl F, Dobrowolny H, Panksepp J (2006) Self-referential processing in our brain–a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage 31:440–457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 5:210

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Ansell EL, Bucks RS (2006) Mnemonic anosognosia in Alzheimer’s disease: a test of Agnew and Morris (1998). Neuropsychologia 44:1095–1102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Tabert MH, Albert SM, Borukhova-Milov L, Camacho Y, Pelton G, Liu X, Stern Y, Devanand DP (2002) Functional deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment: prediction of AD. Neurology 58:758–764

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Montembeault M, Stijelja S, Brambati SM, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging I (2022) Self-reported word-finding complaints are associated with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta and atrophy in cognitively normal older adults. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 14:e12274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cacciamani F, Godefroy V, Brambati SM, Migliaccio R, Epelbaum S, Montembeault M (2022) Differential patterns of domain-specific cognitive complaints and awareness across the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum. Front Aging Neurosci 14:811739

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Vannini P, Amariglio R, Hanseeuw B, Johnson KA, McLaren DG, Chhatwal J, Pascual-Leone A, Rentz D, Sperling RA (2017) Memory self-awareness in the preclinical and prodromal stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia 99:343–349

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Cacciamani F, Houot M, Gagliardi G, Dubois B, Sikkes S, Sanchez-Benavides G, Denicolo E, Molinuevo JL, Vannini P, Epelbaum S (2021) Awareness of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 13:697234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Ford AH, Almeida OP, Flicker L, Garrido GJ, Greenop KR, Foster JK, Etherton-Beer C, van Bockxmeer FM, Lautenschlager NT (2014) Grey matter changes associated with deficit awareness in mild cognitive impairment: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Alzheimers Dis 42:1251–1259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Spalletta G, Piras F, Piras F, Sancesario G, Iorio M, Fratangeli C, Cacciari C, Caltagirone C, Orfei MD (2014) Neuroanatomical correlates of awareness of illness in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment who will or will not convert to Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex 61:183–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Senturk G, Bilgic B, Arslan AB, Bayram A, Hanagasi H, Gurvit H, Emre M (2017) Cognitive and anatomical correlates of anosognosia in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 29:293–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Guerrier L, Le Men J, Gane A, Planton M, Salabert AS, Payoux P, Dumas H, Bonneville F, Peran P, Pariente J (2018) Involvement of the cingulate cortex in anosognosia: a multimodal neuroimaging study in Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 65:443–453

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Steward KA, Kennedy R, Erus G, Nasrallah IM, Wadley VG (2019) Poor awareness of IADL deficits is associated with reduced regional brain volume in older adults with cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 129:372–378

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ries ML, Jabbar BM, Schmitz TW, Trivedi MA, Gleason CE, Carlsson CM, Rowley HA, Asthana S, Johnson SC (2007) Anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment: relationship to activation of cortical midline structures involved in self-appraisal. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 13:450–461

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Ries ML, McLaren DG, Bendlin BB, Guofanxu RHA, Birn R, Kastman EK, Sager MA, Asthana S, Johnson SC (2012) Medial prefrontal functional connectivity–relation to memory self-appraisal accuracy in older adults with and without memory disorders. Neuropsychologia 50:603–611

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Zamboni G, Drazich E, McCulloch E, Filippini N, Mackay CE, Jenkinson M, Tracey I, Wilcock GK (2013) Neuroanatomy of impaired self-awareness in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Cortex 49:668–678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Amanzio M, Torta DM, Sacco K, Cauda F, D’Agata F, Duca S, Leotta D, Palermo S, Geminiani GC (2011) Unawareness of deficits in Alzheimer’s disease: role of the cingulate cortex. Brain 134:1061–1076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Amanzio M, D’Agata F, Palermo S, Rubino E, Zucca M, Galati A, Pinessi L, Castellano G, Rainero I (2016) Neural correlates of reduced awareness in instrumental activities of daily living in frontotemporal dementia. Exp Gerontol 83:158–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. McGlynn SM, Schacter DL (1989) Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 11:143–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sanchez-Benavides G, Grau-Rivera O, Cacciaglia R, Suarez-Calvet M, Falcon C, Minguillon C, Gramunt N, Sala-Vila A, Gispert JD, Molinuevo JL (2018) Distinct cognitive and brain morphological features in healthy subjects unaware of informant-reported cognitive decline. J Alzheimers Dis 65:181–191

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Vannini P, Hanseeuw B, Munro CE, Amariglio RE, Marshall GA, Rentz DM, Pascual-Leone A, Johnson KA, Sperling RA (2017) Anosognosia for memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment: insight into the neural mechanism using functional and molecular imaging. Neuroimage Clin 15:408–414

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Cosentino S, Brickman AM, Griffith E, Habeck C, Cines S, Farrell M, Shaked D, Huey ED, Briner T, Stern Y (2015) The right insula contributes to memory awareness in cognitively diverse older adults. Neuropsychologia 75:163–169

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Perrotin A, Desgranges B, Landeau B, Mezenge F, La Joie R, Egret S, Pelerin A, de la Sayette V, Eustache F, Chetelat G (2015) Anosognosia in Alzheimer disease: disconnection between memory and self-related brain networks. Ann Neurol 78:477–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Antoine N, Bahri MA, Bastin C, Collette F, Phillips C, Balteau E, Genon S, Salmon E (2019) Anosognosia and default mode subnetwork dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 40:5330–5340

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Crutch SJ, Schott JM, Rabinovici GD, Murray M, Snowden JS, van der Flier WM, Dickerson BC, Vandenberghe R, Ahmed S, Bak TH, Boeve BF, Butler C, Cappa SF, Ceccaldi M, de Souza LC, Dubois B, Felician O, Galasko D, Graff-Radford J, Graff-Radford NR, Hof PR, Krolak-Salmon P, Lehmann M, Magnin E, Mendez MF, Nestor PJ, Onyike CU, Pelak VS, Pijnenburg Y, Primativo S, Rossor MN, Ryan NS, Scheltens P, Shakespeare TJ, Gonzalez AS, Tang-Wai DF, Yong KXX, Carrillo M, Fox NC, AsAI A (2017) Consensus classification of posterior cortical atrophy. Alzheimers Dement 13:870–884

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Mendez MF, Ghajarania M, Perryman KM (2002) Posterior cortical atrophy: clinical characteristics and differences compared to Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 14:33–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Marková IS, Berrios GE (2011) Awareness and insight in psychopathology: An essential distinction? Theory Psychol 21:421–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Eslinger P, Dennis K, Moore P, Antani S, Hauck R, Grossman M (2005) Metacognitive deficits in frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1630–1635

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Hornberger M, Yew B, Gilardoni S, Mioshi E, Gleichgerrcht E, Manes F, Hodges JR (2014) Ventromedial-frontopolar prefrontal cortex atrophy correlates with insight loss in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 35:616–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Magno MA, Canu E, Agosta F, Filippi M (2022) Measuring social cognition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a clinical approach. J Neurol 269:2227–2244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Belfort T, Simoes P, de Sousa MFB, Santos RL, Barbeito I, Torres B, Dourado MCN (2018) The relationship between social cognition and awareness in Alzheimer disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 31:27–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Giovagnoli AR, Bell B, Erbetta A, Paterlini C, Bugiani O (2019) Analyzing theory of mind impairment in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurol Sci 40:1893–1900

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Synn A, Mothakunnel A, Kumfor F, Chen Y, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Irish M (2018) Mental states in moving shapes: distinct cortical and subcortical contributions to theory of mind impairments in dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 61:521–535

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GH, Kenna H, Reiss AL, Greicius MD (2007) Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci 27:2349–2356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Toller G, Brown J, Sollberger M, Shdo SM, Bouvet L, Sukhanov P, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Rankin KP (2018) Individual differences in socioemotional sensitivity are an index of salience network function. Cortex 103:211–223

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Shinagawa S, Babu A, Sturm V, Shany-Ur T, Toofanian Ross P, Zackey D, Poorzand P, Grossman S, Miller BL, Rankin KP (2015) Neural basis of motivational approach and withdrawal behaviors in neurodegenerative disease. Brain Behav 5:e00350

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kalbe E, Salmon E, Perani D, Holthoff V, Sorbi S, Elsner A, Weisenbach S, Brand M, Lenz O, Kessler J, Luedecke S, Ortelli P, Herholz K (2005) Anosognosia in very mild Alzheimer’s disease but not in mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 19:349–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sollberger M, Rosen HJ, Shany-Ur T, Ullah J, Stanley CM, Laluz V, Weiner MW, Wilson SM, Miller BL, Rankin KP (2014) Neural substrates of socioemotional self-awareness in neurodegenerative disease. Brain Behav 4:201–214

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Jastorff J, De Winter FL, Van den Stock J, Vandenberghe R, Giese MA, Vandenbulcke M (2016) Functional dissociation between anterior temporal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus in the processing of dynamic body expressions: insights from behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4472–4486

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Reus LM, Vijverberg EG, Tijms BM, Kate MT, Gossink F, Krudop WA, Campo MD, Teunissen CE, Barkhof F, van der Flier WM, Visser PJ, Dols A, Pijnenburg YA (2018) Disease trajectories in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, primary psychiatric and other neurodegenerative disorders presenting with behavioural change. J Psychiatr Res 104:183–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hutchings R, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kumfor F, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C (2015) Why should I care? Dimensions of socio-emotional cognition in younger-onset dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 48:135–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Moll J, Zahn R, de Oliveira-Souza R, Bramati IE, Krueger F, Tura B, Cavanagh AL, Grafman J (2011) Impairment of prosocial sentiments is associated with frontopolar and septal damage in frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage 54:1735–1742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Shearn D, Bergman E, Hill K, Abel A, Hinds L (1990) Facial coloration and temperature responses in blushing. Psychophysiology 27:687–693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sturm VE, Ascher EA, Miller BL, Levenson RW (2008) Diminished self-conscious emotional responding in frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. Emotion 8:861–869

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Sturm VE, Rosen HJ, Allison S, Miller BL, Levenson RW (2006) Self-conscious emotion deficits in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain 129:2508–2516

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sturm VE, Sollberger M, Seeley WW, Rankin KP, Ascher EA, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, Levenson RW (2013) Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self-conscious emotional reactivity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8:468–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kuilman L, Jansen GJ, Middel B, Mulder LB, Roodbol PF (2019) Moral reasoning explained by personality traits and moral disengagement: a study among Dutch nurse practitioners and physician assistants. J Adv Nurs 75:1252–1262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Shany-Ur T, Rankin KP (2011) Personality and social cognition in neurodegenerative disease. Curr Opin Neurol 24:550–555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chiong W, Wilson SM, D’Esposito M, Kayser AS, Grossman SN, Poorzand P, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Rankin KP (2013) The salience network causally influences default mode network activity during moral reasoning. Brain 136:1929–1941

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Wong S, Irish M, O’Callaghan C, Kumfor F, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M (2017) Should I trust you? Learning and memory of social interactions in dementia. Neuropsychologia 104:157–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kipps CM, Nestor PJ, Acosta-Cabronero J, Arnold R, Hodges JR (2009) Understanding social dysfunction in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: the role of emotion and sarcasm processing. Brain 132:592–603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Takizawa C, Thompson PL, van Walsem A, Faure C, Maier WC (2015) Epidemiological and economic burden of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic literature review of data across Europe and the United States of America. J Alzheimers Dis 43:1271–1284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Scherr PA, Cook NR, Chown MJ, Hebert LE, Hennekens CH, Taylor JO (1989) Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAMA 262:2551–2556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Petersen RC (2004) Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 256:183–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mesulam M, Shaw P, Mash D, Weintraub S (2004) Cholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging-MCI-AD continuum. Ann Neurol 55:815–828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Downey LE, Mahoney CJ, Buckley AH, Golden HL, Henley SM, Schmitz N, Schott JM, Simpson IJ, Ourselin S, Fox NC, Crutch SJ, Warren JD (2015) White matter tract signatures of impaired social cognition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. NeuroImage Clinical 8:640–651

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Buckley RF, Saling MM, Irish M, Ames D, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Lautenschlager NT, Maruff P, Macaulay SL, Martins RN, Szoeke C, Masters CL, Rainey-Smith SR, Rembach A, Savage G, Ellis KA, Australian Imaging B, Lifestyle Study of Ageing Research G (2014) Autobiographical narratives relate to Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 26:1737–1746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bozeat S, Gregory CA, Ralph MA, Hodges JR (2000) Which neuropsychiatric and behavioural features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:178–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Robinson JA, Swanson KL (1990) Autobiographical memory: the next phase. Appl Cogn Psychol 4:321–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Thomann PA, Seidl U, Brinkmann J, Hirjak D, Traeger T, Wolf RC, Essig M, Schroder J (2012) Hippocampal morphology and autobiographic memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 9:507–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Drubach DA, Rabinstein AA, Molano J (2011) Free will, freedom of choice and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Mens Sana Monographs 9:238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Gomes G (2007) Free will, the self, and the brain. Behav Sci Law 25:221–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rosen HJ, Gorno-Tempini ML, Goldman W, Perry R, Schuff N, Weiner M, Feiwell R, Kramer J, Miller BL (2002) Patterns of brain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Neurology 58:198–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lhermitte F, Pillon B, Serdaru M (1986) Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: imitation and utilization behavior: a neuropsychological study of 75 patients. Ann Neurol 19:326–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lagarde J, Valabregue R, Corvol JC, Le Ber I, Colliot O, Vidailhet M, Levy R (2013) The clinical and anatomical heterogeneity of environmental dependency phenomena. J Neurol 260:2262–2270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bertrand E, Azar M, Rizvi B, Brickman AM, Huey ED, Habeck C, Landeira-Fernandez J, Mograbi DC, Cosentino S (2018) Cortical thickness and metacognition in cognitively diverse older adults. Neuropsychology 32:700–710

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Widerker D (2017) Moral responsibility and alternative possibilities: essays on the importance of alternative possibilities. Routledge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  74. Meynen G (2010) Free will and mental disorder: exploring the relationship. Theor Med Bioeth 31:429–443

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Qian W, Fischer CE, Churchill NW, Kumar S, Rajji T, Schweizer TA (2019) Delusions in Alzheimer disease are associated with decreased default mode network functional connectivity. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 27:1060–1068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Guo SX, Kendrick KM, Yu RJ, Wang HLS, Feng JF (2014) Key functional circuitry altered in schizophrenia involves parietal regions associated with sense of self. Hum Brain Mapp 35:123–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Zanetti O, Vallotti B, Frisoni GB, Geroldi C, Bianchetti A, Pasqualetti P, Trabucchi M (1999) Insight in dementia: When does it occur? Evidence for a nonlinear relationship between insight and cognitive status. J Gerontol B-Psychol 54:P100–P106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Dopper EG, Onyike CU, Hillis AE, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Kertesz A, Seeley WW, Rankin KP, Johnson JK, Gorno-Tempini ML, Rosen H, Prioleau-Latham CE, Lee A, Kipps CM, Lillo P, Piguet O, Rohrer JD, Rossor MN, Warren JD, Fox NC, Galasko D, Salmon DP, Black SE, Mesulam M, Weintraub S, Dickerson BC, Diehl-Schmid J, Pasquier F, Deramecourt V, Lebert F, Pijnenburg Y, Chow TW, Manes F, Grafman J, Cappa SF, Freedman M, Grossman M, Miller BL (2011) Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 134:2456–2477

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Mendez MF, Anderson E, Shapira JS (2005) An investigation of moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia. Cogn Behav Neurol 18:193–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mendez MF, Chen AK, Shapira JS, Miller BL (2005) Acquired sociopathy and frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 20:99–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Magno MA, Canu E, Filippi M, Agosta F (2022) Social cognition in the FTLD spectrum: evidence from MRI. J Neurol 269:2245–2258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Schilbach L, Eickhoff SB, Rska-Jagiela AR, Fink GR, Vogeley K (2008) Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the “default system” of the brain. Conscious Cogn 17:457–467

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bortolotti L, Miyazono K (2016) The ethics of delusional belief. Erkenntnis 81:275–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA (1989) The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med 19:1015–1022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Migliorelli R, Teson A, Sabe L, Petracca G, Petracchi M, Leiguarda R, Starkstein SE (1995) Anosognosia in Alzheimer’s disease: a study of associated factors. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7:338–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Clare L, Markova IS, Roth I, Morris RG (2011) Awareness in Alzheimer’s disease and associated dementias: theoretical framework and clinical implications. Aging Ment Health 15:936–944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Anderson NH (1968) Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. J Pers Soc Psychol 9:272–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Prigatano GP (1996) Neuropsychological rehabilitation after brain injury: Scientific and professional issues. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 3:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Browne GB, Byrne C, Roberts J, Streiner D, Fitch M, Corey P, Arpin K (1988) The meaning of illness questionnaire: reliability and validity. Nurs Res 37:368–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Irak M, Soylu C, Turan G, Capan D (2019) Neurobiological basis of feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Cogn Neurodyn 13:239–256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Ott BR, Lafleche G, Whelihan WM, Buongiorno GW, Albert MS, Fogel BS (1996) Impaired awareness of deficits in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 10:68–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Gass CS, Patten B, Penate A, Rhodes A (2021) The Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS): psychometric characteristics in a clinical referral sample. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 27:351–364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wear HJ, Wedderburn CJ, Mioshi E, Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Barker RA, Hodges JR (2008) The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory revised. Dement Neuropsychol 2:102–107

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Davis MH (1983) Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 44:113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. White SJ, Coniston D, Rogers R, Frith U (2011) Develo** the Frith-Happe animations: a quick and objective test of Theory of Mind for adults with autism. Autism Res 4:149–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Stone VE, Baron-Cohen S, Knight RT (1998) Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. J Cogn Neurosci 10:640–656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. McDonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J, Kinch J (2003) TASIT: a new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 18:219–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Carver CS, White TL (1994) Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 67:319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Bramham J, Morris RG, Hornak J, Bullock P, Polkey CE (2009) Social and emotional functioning following bilateral and unilateral neurosurgical prefrontal cortex lesions. J Neuropsychol 3:125–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Lennox RD, Wolfe RN (1984) Revision of the self-monitoring scale. J Pers Soc Psychol 46:1349–1364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J (1994) The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 44:2308–2308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the European Research Council [Grant Number: StG2016_714388_NeuroTRACK] and the Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy

    Michela Leocadi, Elisa Canu, Angela Paldino, Federica Agosta & Massimo Filippi

  2. Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Federica Agosta & Massimo Filippi

  3. Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Massimo Filippi

  4. Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

    Massimo Filippi

  5. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy

    Michela Leocadi, Angela Paldino, Federica Agosta & Massimo Filippi

Authors
  1. Michela Leocadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elisa Canu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Angela Paldino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Federica Agosta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Massimo Filippi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Massimo Filippi.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

M. Leocadi and A. Paldino report no disclosures. E. Canu has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health. F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical, has received speaker honoraria from Roche and Biogen Idec, and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), and the European Research Council. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Map**, Associate Editor of Radiology, and Associate Editor of Neurological Sciences; received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from Alexion, Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; and receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA).

Ethical approval

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Consent

The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Leocadi, M., Canu, E., Paldino, A. et al. Awareness impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: a systematic MRI review. J Neurol 270, 1880–1907 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11518-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11518-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation