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Impact of prolonged rice cultivation on coupling relationship among C, Fe, and Fe-reducing bacteria over a 1000-year paddy soil chronosequence

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Abstract

Long-term soil chronosequences are valuable model systems for investigating pedogenesis and investigating the process of element coupling. Here, we assessed the coupling relationships among C, Fe, and Fe-reducing bacteria (Anaeromyxobacter, Geobacter, and Shewanella) in a paddy soil chronosequence of approximately 50 to 1000 years. Soils of the chronosequence originated from tidal marsh under nearly identical landscape and climate conditions. During 1000 years of rice cultivation, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in surface horizons (0–20 cm) increased from 10.4 to 21.8 g kg−1. In contrast, total Fe contents declined from 59.6 to 45.1 g kg−1 during the initial 50 years of paddy rice cultivation and then further decreased at a low rate of 0.004 g kg−1 soil year−1 (equivalent to 10 kg ha−1 soil year−1). Organically complexed Fe oxides (Fep) increased from 219 to 642 mg g−1 with increasing time of pedogenesis, but free total Fe oxides (Fed) and amorphous Fe oxides (Feo) declined at early stage of soil development, followed by a slow accumulation at later stages of the chronosequence. Gene copy numbers of Anaeromyxobacter and Geobacter increased from 4.6 × 105 and 3.6 × 106 copies g−1 to 3.8 × 107 and 3.6 × 107 copies g−1 dry soil with continuous paddy rice cultivation, while concurrently Shewanella gene abundance decreased gradually from 4.5 × 105 to 9.3 × 104 copies g−1 dry soil. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), different coupling relationships were observed among C, Fe, and Fe-reducing bacteria for the first 300 years of paddy chronosequence and thereafter. Overall, all Fe-reducing bacteria did not show consistent variation. With the stable microbial community and iron oxide fractions, the microbially mediated dissimilatory coupling relationship between C and Fe becomes simple during 1000 years of paddy soil development.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41601305, 41807089, 41761134095), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M612573), the Youth Innovation Team Project of the Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2017QNCXTD_GTD), Hunan Province Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation (2018WK4012), the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program 2018 (20180017), and Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative to Georg Guggenberger (2018VCA0031).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China), National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, China

    Yalong Liu, Yuqi Dong, ** Wang & **gkuan Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125, China

    Yalong Liu, Tida Ge, Yong Li, Georg Guggenberger & **shui Wu

  3. Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany

    Yalong Liu & Georg Guggenberger

  4. Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Qaiser Hussain

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Liu, Y., Dong, Y., Ge, T. et al. Impact of prolonged rice cultivation on coupling relationship among C, Fe, and Fe-reducing bacteria over a 1000-year paddy soil chronosequence. Biol Fertil Soils 55, 589–602 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-019-01370-x

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