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Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) is an Innovative Approach for the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Contaminated Water

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Abstract

Globally, water resources contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are under much consideration due to their hazardous effects on human beings as well as on plants and animals in the ecosystem. Petroleum hydrocarbons are classified as recalcitrant pollutants in nature. These petroleum products are mostly released in the water resources during the petroleum refining process by oil refineries. The conventional clean-up technologies for hydrocarbons contaminated water have more destructive effects on the aquatic and land ecosystems. Consequently, to develop cost-effective and more environment-friendly techniques that clean up the environment and restore the marine ecosystem to its original forms. Kee** in view, this review article explores the detailed information on fabrication, cost-effectiveness, and an overview of innovation of the floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) using plants and bacterial combined functions to remediate the petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated water. The review also discusses the improvement of microbial efficacy for hydrocarbon degradation using FTWs. The review article shows the various applications of FTWs to remove different organic pollutants in petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated water. The review also describes the prospective benefits of FTWs for their multiple uses for removal of hydrocarbons, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phenol, and solids from hydrocarbons contaminated water. This review widely discusses the role of hydrocarbons in degrading bacteria, and wetland plants and the mechanism involved during the remediation process of hydrocarbons in FTWs. It further demonstrates features disturbing the treatment efficiency of FTWs, and finally, it is concluded by successful applications of FTWs and various suggestions for potential future research prospects.

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Acknowledgements

The publication of the present work is supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2018JQ5218) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51809224), Top Young Talents of Shaanxi Special Support Program. The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to University of Tabuk, for the technical and financial support for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej

  2. College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000, China

    **ukang Wang

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Fahid & Shafaqat Ali

  4. Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Fahid, Ghulam Shabir & Muhammad Afzal

  5. College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Muhammad Hamzah Saleem

  6. Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, 71421, Saudi Arabia

    Aishah Alatawi

  7. Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan

    Shafaqat Ali

  8. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Rehman Zafar

  9. Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China

    Shah Fahad

  10. Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

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  1. Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej
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  9. Muhammad Afzal
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  10. Shah Fahad
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Contributions

XW, SF and SA conceived and designed the study and MF, SF, MHS, AA, and GS critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version. MFBM write the draft while RZ and MA compiled data.

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Correspondence to **ukang Wang, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Afzal or Shah Fahad.

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Mfarrej, M.F.B., Wang, X., Fahid, M. et al. Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) is an Innovative Approach for the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Contaminated Water. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 1402–1420 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10674-6

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