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Non-invasive detection of multiple analytes in dairy industry using heterogeneous ring resonating sensor

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Abstract

Dairy adulteration stances a serious health issue in infants and adults. Recently, non-invasive sensing through microwave resonating sensors has been identified as an indispensable solution for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) based Fifth-Generation (5G) networks to detect various analytes in the dairy industry. The design is based on a novel structured dual heterogeneous split ring resonator that is fabricated on a cost-effective flame-retardant substrate. The resonating structures are designed through a microstrip feed line on the top of the substrate. The ground plane is defective with dual ring and slot structures to obtain the desired resonating frequencies for milk, water, urea, detergent, and starch. The polyethylene terephthalate tube was placed in the center of the dual heterogeneous split ring resonator for testing the analyte with 1–4 μg/l of the test sample. Significant frequency shifts for various analytes are observed between 3 and 6 GHz based on the permittivity variations.

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Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. James A Baskaradas, Head, CoE for RF Engineering, SASTRA University, for providing the RF lab facilities. We also thank Mr. Jagatheeswar R for carrying out the initial design.

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. No funding was received for conducting this study. No funds, grants, or other support was received.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613401, India

    Abirami Karthikeyan, Rajesh Anbazhagan & Ramya Vijay

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  1. Abirami Karthikeyan
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  2. Rajesh Anbazhagan
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  3. Ramya Vijay
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Contributions

Conceptualization, AK; data curation, AR; methodology, AR; software, AK; validation, AK and AR; visualization, RV; writing—original draft, AK; writing—review and editing, RV.

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Correspondence to Rajesh Anbazhagan.

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Karthikeyan, A., Anbazhagan, R. & Vijay, R. Non-invasive detection of multiple analytes in dairy industry using heterogeneous ring resonating sensor. Appl. Phys. A 130, 71 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-07233-5

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