Abstract
A novel technique is described to significantly enhance the gain of a Vivaldi antenna (CVA) array by a factor of four (6 dB) without compromising its size and radiation characteristics. This is achieved by loading the antenna with Complementary Split-Ring Resonators (CSRR) and periodic array of open-loop meander-line unit cells. The unit cells are designed to exhibit properties of anisotropic zero-index metamaterial (AZIM) over a frequency range of the antenna. The inclusion of CSRR and AZIM in the antenna design is shown to effectively expand its aperture size with the advantage of not impacting on the overall size of the antenna. Moreover, the antenna is excited with a novel feedline consisting of hair-comb radial stubs (HCRS) that matches the impedance the 50-Ω feedline with the radiating elements of the antenna to thereby maximize power transfer. The proposed antenna array was fabricated to validate its performance. The peak measured gain of the array is 7.49 dBi at 177 degrees in the E-plane and its sidelobes are 10 dB below the peak gain. The 3-dB beamwidth of the array is 32.8 degrees. Furthermore, it is shown for the first time that by depositing a thin film of Graphene/copper nanoparticles onto the CSRR, the array’s gain is increased to 10 dBi at 180 degrees with sidelobe reduction of better than 15 dB.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig12_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig16_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig17_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00339-023-06505-4/MediaObjects/339_2023_6505_Fig18_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Zhou, T.J. Cui, Directivity enhancement to Vivaldi antennas using compactly anisotropic zero-index metamaterials. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 10, 326–329 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2011.2142170
M. Bhaskar, E. Johari, Z. Akhter, M.J. Akhtar, Gain enhancement of the Vivaldi antenna with band notch characteristics using zero-index metamaterial. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 58(1), 233–238 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.29534
Q.-H.L. Jiangniu Wu, Z. Zhao, A novel Vivaldi antenna with extended ground plane stubs for ultrawideband applications. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 57(4), 983–987 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.28955
P. J. Gibson, The Vivaldi aerial. 1979 9th Eur. Microw. Conf. https://doi.org/10.1109/EUMA.1979.332681.
P. Piksa, V. Sokol, Small Vivaldi antenna for UWB. Proc. Conf. Radioelektronika, pp. 490–493 (2005).
E.W. Reid, L. Ortiz-balbuena, A. Ghadiri, S. Member, A 324-element Vivaldi antenna array for radio astronomy instrumentation. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 61(1), 241–250 (2012)
T.J. Ellis and G.M. FLebeii, MM-Wave tapered slot antennas on micromachined photonic bandgap dielectrics. IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig. (1996)
Y. Wang, G. Wang, B. Zong, Directivity improvement of vivaldi antenna using double-slot structure. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 12, 1380–1383 (2013)
D.M. Elsheakh, E.A. Abdallah, Compact shape of vivaldi antenna for water detection using. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 56(8), 1801–1809 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop
D.G.A. Lazaro, R. Villarino, Design of tapered slot Vivaldi antenna for UWB breast cancer detection. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 53(3), 639–643 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop
R. Natarajan, J.V. George, M. Kanagasabai, A.K. Shrivastav, A compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna for UWB applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14, 1557–1560 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2015.2412255
G.K. Pandey, H. Verma, M.K. Meshram, Compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna for UWB applications. Electron. Lett. 51(4), 308–310 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2014.3540
F. Falcone et al., Effective negative—epsilon stopband microstrip lines based on complementary split ring resonators. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Components Lett. 14(6), 280–282 (2004)
S.K. Patel, Y. Kosta, Triband microstrip–based radiating structure design using split ring resonator andcomplementary split ring resonator. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 55(9), 2219–2222 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/mop
A. Kabiri, Artificial magnetic material: limitations, synthesis and possibilities. A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo 2010.
E. Shamonina, Basics of single negative and double negative metamaterials.
M.T. Islam, M. Samsuzzaman, S. Kibria, N. Misran, M.T. Islam, Metasurface loaded high gain antenna based microwave imaging using iteratively corrected delay multiply and sum algorithm. Sci. Rep. 9, 17317 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53857-0
S.K. Tiwari, S. Sahoo, N. Wang, A. Huczko, Graphene Research and their outputs: status and prospect. J. Sci.: Adv. Mater. Devices 5(1), 10–29 (2020)
X. Yu, H. Cheng, M. Zhang, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, G. Shi, Graphene-based smart materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 1–14 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.46
S. Bashirvand, A. Montazeri, New aspects on the metal reinforcement by carbon nanofillers: a molecular dynamics study. Mater. Des. 91, 306–313 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.111
A.M. Lewis, B. Derby, I.A. Kinloch, Influence of gas phase equilibria on the chemical vapor deposition of Graphene. ACS Nano 7(4), 3104–3117 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn305223y
P. Hidalgo-Manrique, X. Lei, R. Xu, M. Zhou, I.A. Kinloch, R.J. Young, Copper/Graphene composites: a review. J. Mater. Sci. 54(19), 12236–12289 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03703-5
R.J. Young, I.A. Kinloch, L. Gong, K.S. Novoselov, The mechanics of Graphene nanocomposites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 72(12), 1459–1476 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.05.005
P. Cataldi, A. Athanassiou, I.S. Bayer, Graphene nanoplatelets-based advanced materials and recent progress in sustainable applications. Appl. Sci. (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091438
P.K. Singh, A.K. Tiwary, Novel compact dual bandstop filter using radial stub. Microw. Rev. 21(1), 17–22 (2015)
T. Cai, G.M. Wang, X.F. Zhang, Y.W. Wang, B.F. Zong, H.X. Xu, Compact microstrip antenna with enhanced bandwidth by loading magneto-electro-dielectric planar waveguided metamaterials. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63(5), 2306–2311 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2015.2405081
S. Zhu, H. Liu, P. Wen, A new method for achieving miniaturization and gain enhancement of vivaldi antenna array based on anisotropic metasurface. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67(3), 1952–1956 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2891220
D. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markoš, C. Soukoulis, Determination of negative permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients. Phys. Rev. B 65(19), 1–5 (2002)
V.P. Gusynin, S.G. Sharapov, J.P. Carbotte, Magneto-optical conductivity in Graphene. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/2/026222
M. H. Yu Shao, **g **g Yang, A Review of computational electromagnetic methods for Graphene modeling. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 1, (2016).
R. Wang, X.-G. Ren, Z. Yan, L.-J. Jiang, W.E.I. Sha, G.-C. Shan, Frontiers of Physics Graphene based functional devices: a short review. Front. Phys. 14(1), 13603 (2019)
N. Djapic and S. Diego, Method and bend structure for reducing transmission line bend loss. United States Patent, US6642819B1.
S.C. Tjong, Recent progress in the development and properties of novel metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and Graphene nanosheets. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Reports 74(10), 281–350 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2013.08.001
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Northwest Antenna and Microwave Research Laboratory (NAMRL) at Urmia University for technical support. We would also like to express our gratitude to Dr. Mohsen Karamirad and Dr. Nasrin Mohajeri for fruitful discussions and support of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Faeghi, P., Ghobadi, C., Nourinia, J. et al. Nanoparticle-coated Vivaldi antenna array for gain enhancement. Appl. Phys. A 129, 217 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06505-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-06505-4