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Approach to imaging modalities in the setting of suspected infection

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Abstract

Imaging plays an important role in the workup of musculoskeletal infection, in conjunction with clinical history and physical exam. There are multiple imaging modalities that can be of clinical utility in the setting of suspected infection, each with their own benefits and limitations. Radiography is a low-cost, accessible modality providing a broad osseous overview, but can be insensitive for early osteomyelitis. Ultrasound plays a more limited role in the workup of musculoskeletal infection, but can be useful in the pediatric population or for real-time guidance for joint and soft tissue aspirations. Computed tomography (CT) plays an important role in the timely and accurate diagnosis of critically ill patients in the emergency setting. Its superior soft tissue characterization allows for diagnosis of abscesses, and it can help confirm the clinical diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis when soft tissue gas is present. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often the modality of choice in the diagnosis of infection, as its superior contrast resolution allows for clear delineation of the presence and extent of both soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis. Additionally, the use of intravenous contrast and advanced imaging sequences such as diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) further increases the diagnostic utility of MRI in the assessment for infection. Familiarity with the diagnostic utility of each imaging modality will allow the radiologist to appropriately guide imaging workup in the setting of clinically suspected infection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Meghan Jardon & Erin F. Alaia

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Correspondence to Meghan Jardon.

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Key Points

• Radiographs are the first-line imaging modality for suspected musculoskeletal infection; they are accessible, cost-effective, and provide an overview of the osseous structures, but are insensitive to early osteomyelitis.

• CT has an important role in emergency settings for the rapid detection of soft tissue abscesses and gas associated with necrotizing fasciitis.

• MRI is the modality of choice when evaluating for the presence and extent of both soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis.

• Bone marrow subjacent to an ulcer or soft tissue infection should be scrutinized for osteomyelitis. Marrow signal may be discordant with vascular compromise or in early infection.

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Jardon, M., Alaia, E.F. Approach to imaging modalities in the setting of suspected infection. Skeletal Radiol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-023-04478-2

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