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Prey size spectra and predator to prey size ratios of southern ocean salps

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A Correction to this article was published on 20 May 2023

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Abstract

Salp grazing is important in sha** planktonic food-web structure. However, little is known about the size ranges of their prey in the field or how grazing impacts size structure. This study investigated the feeding habits of seven different species of salps, representing a variety of sizes and life stages across subtropical and subantarctic waters east of New Zealand. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the gut contents of 58 salps, which were then compared to water column plankton communities characterized via epifluorescence microscopy, FlowCam, and flow cytometry. While most of the gut contents resembled ambient waters, substantial differences were found amongst some co-occurring species, such as increased retention of submicron bacteria amongst smaller salps like Thalia democratica. We found that even for those salps capable of feeding on bacteria efficiently, nanoplankton and small microplankton still made up the majority of gut biomass. Larger microplankton were rarer in the guts than in the water column, potentially suggesting an upper size-threshold in addition to the lower size-threshold that has been the focus of most previous work. Salp carbon-weighted predator to prey size ratios were variable, with the majority falling between 1000:1 and 10,000:1 depending largely on the size of the salp. Taken together our results indicate that despite being able to feed on submicron particles, picoplankton make up at most 26.4% (mean = 6.4%) of salp gut carbon and are relatively unimportant to the energetics of most salps in this region compared to nanoplankton such as small dinoflagellates and diatoms.

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All data is accessible on the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office website (https://www.bco-dmo.org/project/754878).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the captain and crew of the R/V Tangaroa for help in the deployment of equipment as well as our many collaborators in the SalpPOOP project including Scott Nodder, Sadie Mills, Florian Lüskow, Morgan Meyers, Sarah Searson, Lana Young, Siobhan O’Connor, Karl Safi, Adriana Lopes dos Santos, and Fenella Deans.

Funding

This study was made possible by funding from the Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) of New Zealand, NIWA Coast and Oceans Food Webs (COES) and Ocean Flows (COOF), and the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fast-track award to M. Décima, and by U.S. National Science Foundation awards OCE- 1756610 and 1756465 to M.R.S. and K.E.S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Christian K. Fender, Natalia Yingling & Michael R. Stukel

  2. Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Moira Décima

  3. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand

    Andres Gutiérrez-Rodríguez

  4. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Karen E. Selph

  5. Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Michael R. Stukel

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Contributions

CKF and MRS wrote the manuscript and conducted the data analysis. MD was responsible for cruise planning and locating salps. KS conducted FlowCam and flow cytometry sampling. NY conducted epifluorescence microscopy sampling and image analysis. MD and CKF were responsible for net deployments and sample collection. CKF was responsible for SEM and FlowCam image analysis. All authors contributed to editing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Christian K. Fender.

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Fender, C.K., Décima, M., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, A. et al. Prey size spectra and predator to prey size ratios of southern ocean salps. Mar Biol 170, 40 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04187-3

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