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Role of Phosphate in Biomineralization

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Abstract

Inorganic phosphate is a vital constituent of cells and cell membranes, body fluids, and hard tissues. It is a major intracellular divalent anion, participates in many genetic, energy and intermediary metabolic pathways, and is important for bone health. Although we usually think of phosphate mostly in terms of its level in the serum, it is needed for many biological and structural functions of the body. Availability of adequate calcium and inorganic phosphate in the right proportions at the right place is essential for proper acquisition, biomineralization, and maintenance of mass and strength of the skeleton. The three specialized mineralized tissues, bones, teeth, and ossicles, differ from all other tissues in the human body because of their unique ability to mineralize, and the degree and process of mineralization in these tissues also differ to suit the specific functions: locomotion, chewing, and hearing, respectively. Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, and lifelong process by which precipitations of inorganic calcium and inorganic phosphate divalent ions form biological hard tissues. Understanding the biomineralization process is important for the management of diseases caused by both defective and abnormal mineralization. Hypophosphatemia results in mineralization defects and osteomalacia, and hyperphosphatemia is implicated in abnormal excess calcification and/or ossification, but the exact mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize available evidence on the role of phosphate in biomineralization. Other manuscripts in this issue of the journal deal with other relevant aspects of phosphate homeostasis, phosphate signaling and sensing, and disorders resulting from hypo- and hyperphosphatemic states.

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Funding

Funding

The study was partly supported by a grant from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (AR062103).

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  1. Department of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

    Sanjay Kumar Bhadada

  2. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone & Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Hospital, New Center One; Suite # 800, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA

    Sudhaker D. Rao

  3. Bone & Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA

    Sudhaker D. Rao

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  1. Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
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  2. Sudhaker D. Rao
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Correspondence to Sudhaker D. Rao.

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Sudhaker D. Rao and Sanjay Kumar Bhadada declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee of Henry Ford Hospital and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

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Bhadada, S.K., Rao, S.D. Role of Phosphate in Biomineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 108, 32–40 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-020-00729-9

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