SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of functional characteristics of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans microencapsulated in gum arabic by spray-drying as biotechnological tool in the mining industry

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The mining and metallurgical industry represents one of the leading causes of environmental pollution. In this context, the optimization of mineral waste management and the efficient extraction of metals of interest becomes an imperative priority for a sustainable future. Microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans have represented a sustainable and economical alternative in recent years due to their capacity for environmental remediation in bioleaching processes because of their sulfur-oxidizing capacity and sulfuric acid generation. However, its use has been limited due to the reluctance of mine operators because of the constant reproduction of the bacterial culture in suitable media and the care that this entails. In this work, the central objective was to evaluate the functional characteristics of A. thiooxidans, microencapsulated and stored at room temperature for three years in vacuum bags, using a spray drying process with gum arabic as a wall vector. Growth kinetics showed a survival of 80 ± 0.52% after this long period of storage. Also, a qualitative fluorescence technique with a 5-cyano-2-3 ditolyl tetrazolium (CTC) marker was used to determine the respiratory activity of the microorganisms as soon as it was resuspended. On the other hand, the consumption of resuspended sulfur was evaluated to corroborate the correct metabolic functioning of the bacteria, with results of up to 50% sulfur reduction in 16 days and sulfate generation of 513.85 ± 0.4387 ppm and 524.15 ± 0.567 ppm for microencapsulated and non-microencapsulated cultures, respectively. These results demonstrate the success after three years of the microencapsulation process and give guidelines for its possible application in the mining-metallurgical industry.

Graphical abstract

Microencapsulation process of A. thiooxidans using gum arabic as wall material. Its application may serve as an attractive alternative for the mining industry and as a tool to mitigate the environmental impact of such practices. Created with BioRender.com

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Afzaal M, Saeed F, Ateeq H, Akhtar MN, Imran A, Ahmed A, Aamir M, Islam F, Yasmin I, Shah YA, Hussain M, Hameed A, Kumar R, Awuchi CG (2022) Probiotics encapsulated gastroprotective cross-linked microgels: enhanced viability under stressed conditions with dried apple carrier. Food Sci Nutr 11(2):817–827. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hamayda A, Abu-Jdayil B, Ayyash M, Tannous J (2023) Advances in microencapsulation techniques using arabic gum: a comprehensive review. Ind Crops Prod 205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117556

  • Altamirano-Ríos AV, Guadarrama‐Lezama AY, Arroyo‐Maya IJ, Hernández‐Álvarez AJ, Orozco‐Villafuerte J (2022) Effect of encapsulation methods and materials on the survival and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 57(7):4027–4040. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.15779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arepally D, Reddy RS, Goswami TK (2020) Studies on survivability, storage stability of encapsulated spray dried probiotic powder. Curr Res Food Sci 3:235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2020.09.001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ashour MA, Fatima W, Imran M, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Shakeel F (2022) A review on the main phytoconstituents, traditional uses, inventions, and patent literature of gum Arabic emphasizing Acacia seyal. Molecules 27(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041171

  • Babot JD, Argañaraz-Martínez E, Apella MC, Perez Chaia A (2023) Microencapsulation of Probiotics with soy protein isolate and Alginate for the Poultry Industry. Food Bioprocess Technol 16(7):1478–1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-03007-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barajas-Álvarez P, González-Ávila M, Espinosa-Andrews H (2022) Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 by spray drying and its evaluation under gastrointestinal and storage conditions. Lwt 153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112485

  • Bobadilla-Fazzini RA, Poblete-Castro I (2023) Establishing a green biodesulfurization process for iron ore concentrates in stirred tank and leaching column bioreactors using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1324417

  • Cabrales-González AM, Martínez-Prado MA, Núñez-Ramírez DM, Meléndez-Sánchez ER, Medina-Torres L, Parra-Saldivar R (2022) Bioleaching of as from mine tailings using an autochthonous Bacillus cereus strain. Revista Mexicana De Ingeniería Química 21(2):1–19. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Bio2723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceja-Medina LI, Ortiz‐Basurto RI, Medina‐Torres L, Calderas F, Bernad‐Bernad MJ, González‐Laredo RF, Ragazzo‐Sánchez JA, Calderón‐Santoyo M, González‐ávila M, Andrade‐González I, Manero O (2020) Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum by spray drying with mixtures of Aloe vera mucilage and agave fructans as wall materials. J Food Process Eng 43(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13436

  • Chen S, Li X, Wang Y, Zeng J, Ye C, Li X, Guo L, Zhang S, Yu X (2018) Induction of Escherichia coli into a VBNC state through chlorination/chloramination and differences in characteristics of the bacterium between states. Water Res 142:279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Huang X, He H, Tang J, Tao X, Huang H, Haider R, Ali MI, Jamal A, Huang Z (2021) Bioleaching coal gangue with a mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Minerals 11(10):1043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury N, Meghwal M, Das K (2021) Microencapsulation: an overview on concepts, methods, properties and applications in foods. Food Front 2(4):426–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan D, Jones S, Santini JM (2023) Mechanisms of bioleaching: iron and sulfur oxidation by acidophilic microorganisms. Essays Biochem 67(4):685–699. https://doi.org/10.1042/ebc20220257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das A, Bhattacharyya S, Banerjee P (1989) Purification of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cultures by single colony isolation and influences of agarose on the colony morphology. J Microbiol Methods 10(4):281–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eijkelboom NM, van Boven AP, Siemons I, Wilms PFC, Boom RM, Kohlus R, Schutyser MAI (2023) Particle structure development during spray drying from a single droplet to pilot-scale perspective. J Food Eng 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111222

  • How Y, Pui L (2021) Survivability of microencapsulated probiotics in nondairy beverages: a review. J Food Process Preserv 45(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15641

  • Huo X, Liu J, Hong X, Bai H, Chen Z, Che J, Yang H, Tong Y, Feng S (2024) Enhancing column bioleaching of chalcocite by isolated iron metabolism partners Leptospirillum ferriphilum/Acidiphilium sp. coupling with systematically utilizing cellulosic waste. Bioresour Technol 394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130193

  • Ibáñez A, Garrido-Chamorro S, Coque JJR, Barreiro C (2023) From genes to Bioleaching: unraveling Sulfur Metabolism in Acidithiobacillus Genus. Genes 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14091772

  • Jalali ES, Shojaosadati SA, Hamedi S (2023) Green synthesis of bovine serum albumin/oxidized gum arabic nanocomposite as pH-responsive carrier for controlled release of piperine and the molecular docking study. Int J Biol Macromol 225:51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ** D, Liu L, Zheng G, Liang J, Zhou L (2019) A rapid method to quantify the biomass of viable Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in iron-based bioleaching matrix of sewage sludge. Biochem Eng J 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.107360

  • Joulian C, Hubau A, Pino-Herrera D, Guezennec A-G (2024) Bioleaching of polymetallic sulphidic mining residues: influence of increasing solid concentration on microbial community dynamics and metal dissolution. Res Microbiol 175(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104112

  • Kamizela T, Grobelak A, Worwag M (2021) Use of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the recovery of Heavy metals from Landfill Leachates. Energies 14(11):3336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandasamy S, Naveen R (2022) A review on the encapsulation of bioactive components using spray-drying and freeze‐drying techniques. J Food Process Eng, 45(8), e14059

  • Khatibi SA, Ehsani A, Nemati M, Javadi A (2021) Microencapsulation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential oil by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum arabic: characterization, release profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. J Food Process Preserv 45(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15823

  • Kiepś J, Juzwa W, Dembczyński R (2023) Imaging Flow Cytometry demonstrates physiological and morphological diversity within treated probiotic Bacteria groups. Int J Mol Sci 24(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076841

  • Laureanti EJG, Paiva TS, de Matos Jorge LM, Jorge RMM (2023) Microencapsulation of bioactive compound extracts using maltodextrin and gum arabic by spray and freeze-drying techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 253(Pt 4):126969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu S-L, Chen C-Y, Chen Y-S (2022) Characteristic properties of spray-drying Bifidobacterium adolescentis microcapsules with biosurfactant. J Biosci Bioeng 133(3):250–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.12.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López-Martínez A, Martínez-Prado M, Núñez-Ramírez D, Medina-Torres L, Rojas-Contreras J, Anguiano-Vega G, Soto-Cruz N (2024) Acidophilic bacteria for metal extraction: biotechnological characteristics and applications. Braz J Chem Eng, 1–22

  • Luo W, Li Y, Chen S, Liang Y, Liu X (2024) Roles and regulation of Quorum sensing of Acidophiles in Bioleaching: a review. Microorganisms 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030422

  • Matias PC, Mattiello EM, Santos WO, Badel JL (2019) Solubilization of a K-silicate rock by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Miner Eng 132:69–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medina-Torres L, Calderas F, Minjares R, Femenia A, Sánchez-Olivares G, Gónzalez-Laredo FR, Santiago-Adame R, Ramirez-Nuñez DM, Rodríguez-Ramírez J, Manero O (2016) Structure preservation of Aloe vera (Barbadensis Miller) mucilage in a spray drying process. Lwt 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.10.023

  • Mehta N, Kumar P, Verma AK, Umaraw P, Kumar Y, Malav OP, Sazili AQ, Domínguez R, Lorenzo JM (2022) Microencapsulation as a noble technique for the application of Bioactive compounds in the Food Industry: a Comprehensive Review. Appl Sci 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031424

  • Meléndez-Sánchez ER, Martínez-Prado MA, Núñez-Ramírez DM, Rojas-Contreras JA, López-Miranda J, Medina-Torres L, Parra-Saldivar R (2022) Phylogenetic analysis of strains isolated from mine tailings and evaluation of their resistance to as and Zn. Revista Mexicana De Ingeniería Química 21(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/Bio2700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng Y, Qiu C, Li X, McClements DJ, Sang S, Jiao A, ** Z (2024) Polysaccharide-based nano-delivery systems for encapsulation, delivery, and pH-responsive release of bioactive ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 64(1):187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2105800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamadzadeh M, Fazeli A, Shojaosadati SA (2024) Polysaccharides and proteins-based bionanocomposites for microencapsulation of probiotics to improve stability and viability in the gastrointestinal tract: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129287

  • Nascimento APS, Carvalho A, Lima MDS, Barros SL, Ribeiro S, Pasqualli M, Lisboa HM, Barros AN (2023) Enhancing antioxidant Retention through Varied Wall Material combinations in grape spray drying and storage. Antioxid (Basel) 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091745

  • Nayak NP (2023) Microorganisms and their application in mining and allied industries. Mater Today: Proc 72:2886–2891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen P-T, Nguyen T-T, Nguyen T-T-U, Hoang Q-K, Nguyen H-T (2022) Improve the viability and extracellular polymeric substances bioactivity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum VAL6 using the environmental adaptation. Food Bioprod Process 131:149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2021.11.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen CT, Di N, Phan K, Kha HC, T. C., Nguyen HC (2024) Microencapsulation of noni fruit extract using gum arabic and maltodextrin - optimization, stability and efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 269(Pt 2):132217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Núñez-Ramírez DM, López-Martínez A, Medina-Torres L, Calderas F, Martínez-Prado MA, Lara RH, Herrera-Valencia EE, Anguiano-Vega GA, Manero O (2021) Microencapsulation of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans by spray drying using biopolymers as wall materials: a potential alternative for its application in the mining industry. Miner Eng 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106882

  • Ogilvie-Battersby JD, Nagarajan R, Mosurkal R, Orbey N (2022) Microencapsulation and controlled release of insect repellent geraniol in gelatin/gum arabic microcapsules. Colloids Surf a 640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128494

  • Pereira JV, Gamage HKAH, Cain AK, Hayes E, Paulsen IT, Tetu SG (2023) High-throughput viability testing of Microbial communities in a probiotic product using Flow Cytometry. Appl Microbiol 3(3):1068–1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirsaheb M, Zadsar S, Rastegar SO, Gu T, Hossini H (2021) Bioleaching and ecological toxicity assessment of carbide slag waste using Acidithiobacillus bacteria. Environ Technol Innov 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101480

  • Pourhossein F, Mousavi SM (2023) Improvement of gold bioleaching extraction from waste telecommunication printed circuit boards using biogenic thiosulfate by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. J Hazard Mater 450:131073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastegar SO, Samadi A, Ahmmadnezhad P, Nazari T (2024) Bioleaching of sewage sludge for copper extraction using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans: optimization and ecological risk assessment. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Razia S, Hadibarata T, Lau SY (2023) Acidophilic microorganisms in remediation of contaminants present in extremely acidic conditions. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 46(3):341–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-022-02844-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro JS, Veloso CM (2021) Microencapsulation of natural dyes with biopolymers for application in food: a review. Food Hydrocolloids 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106374

  • Rice EW, Bridgewater L, Association APH (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 10). American public health association Washington, DC

  • Sbehat M, Mauriello G, Altamimi M (2022) Microencapsulation of Probiotics for Food Functionalization: an update on literature reviews. Microorganisms 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101948

  • Stal LJ, Tashyreva D, Elster J, Billi D (2013) A novel staining protocol for multiparameter assessment of cell heterogeneity in Phormidium populations (Cyanobacteria) employing fluorescent dyes. PLoS ONE 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055283

  • Thinkohkaew K, Jonjaroen V, Niamsiri N, Panya A, Suppavorasatit I, Potiyaraj P (2024) Microencapsulation of probiotics in chitosan-coated alginate/gellan gum: optimization for viability and stability enhancement. Food Hydrocolloids 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.109788

  • Tianwitawat C, Klaiprasitti P (2023) Rice bran as an encapsulating material to produce a healthy synbiotic product with improved gastrointestinal tolerance. Arch Microbiol 205(7):265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vivek K, Mishra S, Pradhan RC, Nagarajan M, Kumar PK, Singh SS, Manvi D, Gowda NA N (2023) A comprehensive review on microencapsulation of probiotics: technology, carriers and current trends. Appl Food Res 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100248

  • Wang J, Bai J, Xu J, Liang B (2009) Bioleaching of metals from printed wire boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and their mixture. J Hazard Mater 172(2–3):1100–1105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Yin H, Jiang H, Liang Y, Guo X, Ma L, **ao Y, Liu X (2013) Comparative study of nickel resistance of pure culture and co-culture of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferriphilum. Arch Microbiol 195:637–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Zhao D, Yang J, Wang W, Chen P, Zhang S, Yan L (2019) Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and its potential application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103(19):7819–7833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10098-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yun S, Jung H, Lee HJ, Yang Y, Lee JS, Hur M, Lee B-h, Ahn J, Hwang G (2024) Bioleaching of valuable metals from three cathode active materials comprising lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) oxide using indigenous microorganisms. J Ind Eng Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2024.01.067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaguri M, Kandel S, Rinehart SA, Torsekar VR, Hawlena D (2021) Protein quantification in ecological studies: a literature review and empirical comparisons of standard methodologies. Methods Ecol Evol 12(7):1240–1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann JA, Sirini N, Olivero CR, Renna MS, Signorini ML, Zbrun MV, Frizzo LS, Soto LP (2023) Macroencapsulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSPV002C as nutritional supplement for piglets: storage stability and survival in gastrointestinal conditions. Rev Argent Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2023.07.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The MSc scholarships awarded by Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) to Karla Pérez-Villagrán (1074591) and Angel Manuel Cabrales-González (1182599) are thankfully acknowledged. The support of CONAHCYT is appreciated under Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) program granted to María Adriana Martínez-Prado (85841), Diola Marina Núñez-Ramírez (CVU: 312634), Luis Medina Torres (CVU: 60489), and Juan Antonio Rojas-Contreras (CVU: 45201). All authors are also grateful to their representative universities for providing literature access. The graphical abstract was created by Biorender using the premium version.

Funding

Financial support was provided by the Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Durango (COCYTED), ID Project: 724, in the Program Women in Science, Technologies, Engineering, and Mathematics (2021) in Durango, Mexico.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM - ITD), Durango, Dgo, 34080, México

    Karla Pérez-Villagrán, María Adriana Martínez-Prado, Juan Antonio Rojas-Contreras & Angel Manuel Cabrales-González

  2. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango - Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (UJED - FCQ), Durango, Dgo, 34120, México

    Diola Marina Núñez-Ramírez

  3. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Facultad Química (UNAM - FQ), Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, México

    Luis Medina-Torres

Authors
  1. Karla Pérez-Villagrán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. María Adriana Martínez-Prado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diola Marina Núñez-Ramírez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luis Medina-Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juan Antonio Rojas-Contreras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Angel Manuel Cabrales-González
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

KPV – Investigation, Methodology, Data acquisition, Data analysis and Writing-original draft. MAMP – Funding acquisition, Research conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing-review, and editing. DMNR – Research conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, review, and editing. LMT – Methodology, Supervision, Data analysis validation, review, and editing. JARC – Methodology, Supervision, review and editing. AMCG – Data analysis, Prepared all Figures and graphical abstract (GA), Writing-review, and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to María Adriana Martínez-Prado or Diola Marina Núñez-Ramírez.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts to declare.

Additional information

Communicated by Yusuf Akhter.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pérez-Villagrán, K., Martínez-Prado, M.A., Núñez-Ramírez, D.M. et al. Evaluation of functional characteristics of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans microencapsulated in gum arabic by spray-drying as biotechnological tool in the mining industry. Arch Microbiol 206, 320 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-04041-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-04041-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation