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Immune-checkpoint expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of cytomegaloviruses infection after transplantation: as a diagnostic biomarker

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Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, mostly causes only slight feverish symptoms or can be asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. However, it is known to be particularly a significant cause of morbidity in immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients, whose immune system has been weakened due to the consumption of immunosuppressor drugs. Therefore, the diagnosis of CMV infection after transplantation is crucial. New diagnostic methods for the quick detection of CMV have been developed as a result of understanding the clinical importance of invasive CMV. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells are important components of the immune system and it may be possible to diagnose viral infections using immunological markers, such as lymphocytosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and serum cytokine levels. Moreover, PD-1, CTLA 4, and TIGIT, which are expressed on certain T cells and antigen-presenting cells, are over-expressed during the infection. The assessment of CMV infection based on T cell and APC activity, and the expression of immunological checkpoints, can be helpful for the diagnosis of transplant patients at risk for CMV infection. In this review, we will investigate how immune checkpoints affect immune cells and how they impair organ transplantation after CMV infection.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Parisa Shiri Aghbash, Reyhaneh Rasizadeh & Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi

  2. Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Parisa Shiri Aghbash, Reyhaneh Rasizadeh & Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi

  3. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran

    Vahid Arefi, Javid Sadri Nahand & Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi

  4. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Vahid Arefi

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  4. Javid Sadri Nahand
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HBB: Conceived the idea for this manuscript, edited subsequent drafts; PSA: Literature search, Design of the figure, Manuscript preparation; RR: Literature search, Manuscript preparation, Design of the tables; VA: Literature search, Manuscript preparation; JSN: Review the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi.

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Aghbash, P.S., Rasizadeh, R., Arefi, V. et al. Immune-checkpoint expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of cytomegaloviruses infection after transplantation: as a diagnostic biomarker. Arch Microbiol 205, 280 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03623-8

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