Abstract
Currently, the problems of low efficiency and fabricate process complexity exist in hexagonal honeycomb structure generation algorithm of arbitrarily curved surface slice-type structure. For the above problems, this paper proposes an adaptive hexagonal grid calculation method based on the intracellular splitting iteration method for the first time. This method can better adapt to the complex spatial slice and arbitrary curved contour 3D structure, and it can also achieve the purpose of enhancing the mechanical performance and maintaining the lightweight structure. The time complexity and space complexity of the proposed iterative adaptive honeycomb calculation method are analyzed. The results show that time complexity is O(M ⋅ N) and space complexity is O(2600M), which meets the requirements of fast computing for the complex structure of the task. According to the principle of the above algorithm, different structural models including honeycomb cells are calculated and fabricated by selective laser melting additive manufacturing processes. The fabricated samples are mechanically compressed. According to the particular case results of the compression curve, the critical yield force of the honeycomb grid parts with iteration is higher than that of the homogeneous honeycomb grid parts, and the value is greater than 30%. Finally, the energy absorption efficiency can be increased by more than 20% according to the compression characteristics of the adaptive iterative honeycomb.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig16_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig17_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig18_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig19_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig20_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig21_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-023-11495-x/MediaObjects/170_2023_11495_Fig22_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu JH, Wang DP, Xu WT (2017) Generative design method of honeycomb structure for additive manufacturing. Comput Integr Manuf Syst 23(10):2101–2107
Pan J, Guo J, Ayres C (2005) Improvement of sound absorption of honeycomb panels. Acoust Conf 9:195–200
Guo J., Pan J. Turning honeycomb panels into sound absorbers. In: ICSV20 conference. 7–11
Cheong TW, Zheng LW (2006) Vibroacoustic performance of composite honeycomb structures. Noise Control Eng J 54(4):251–262
Tobias A. Schaedler,William B. Carter Architected cellular materials. Annu Rev Mater Res, 2016, 46:187-210
Yeo SJ, Oh MJ, Yoo PJ (2019) Structurally controlled cellular architectures for high-performance ultra-lightweight materials. Adv Mater 31(34):e1803670
Peiffer A, Grünewald M, Lempereur P (2015) A lightweight yet sound-proof honeycomb acoustic metamaterial. Appl Phys Lett 107(21):171905–171152
Hollister SJ (2005) Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. Nat Mater 4(7):518
Amin A, Babak HJ, Jim P et al (2012) Hierarchical honeycombs with tailorable properties. Int J Solids Struct 49(11-12):1413–1419
Rafid H, Sudharshan A, Myranda S, Newkirk JW et al (2020) Effective elastic moduli of metal honeycombs manufactured using selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 26(5):971–980
Thomas T-D, Marianna D, Maysam BG, Colin B et al (2018) 3D plate-lattices: an emerging class of low-density metamaterial exhibiting optimal isotropic stiffness. Adv Mater 30(45):1803334
Thomas T-D, Karathanasopoulos N, Mohr D (2019) Stiffness and strength of hexachiral honeycomb-like metamaterials. J Appl Mech 86(11):1–38
Thomas T-D, Mohr et al (2018) Elastically-isotropic truss lattice materials of reduced plastic anisotropy. Int J Solids Struct 138:24–39
Ajeet K, Luca C, Alix D, Jeng-Ywan J (2020) Design and additive manufacturing of closed cells from supportless lattice structure. Addit Manuf 33:101168
Hedayati R, Sadighi M, Aghdam MM, Zadpoor AA (2016) Mechanical properties of additively manufactured thick honeycombs. Materials 9(8):613–635
Shanmugam K, Jabir P, Abishera R, Andreas S et al (2019) Tunable energy absorption characteristics of architected honeycombs enabled via additive manufacturing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:42549–42560
Farajzadeh KS, Tsampas SA, Galvanetto U (2018) Feasibility study on the use of a hierarchical lattice architecture for helmet liners. Mater Today Commun 14:312–323
Davis JM, Sameh T, William PK (2018) Mechanical properties of hexagonal lattice structures fabricated using continuous liquid interface production additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf 25:10–18
Sakagami K, Yamashita I, Yairi M, Morimoto M (2010) Sound absorption characteristics of a honeycomb-backed microperforated panel absorber: revised theory and experimental validation. Noise Control Eng J 58(2):157–162
Toyoda M, Sakagami K, Takahashi D, Morimoto M (2011) Effect of a honeycomb on the sound absorption characteristics of panel-type absorbers. Appl Acoust 72(12):943–948
Akiwate DC, Mahendra DD, Venkatesham B et al (2019) Acoustic characterization of additive manufactured perforated panel backed by honeycomb structure with circular and non-circular perforations. Appl Acoust 155:271–279
Qian B, Fan H, Liu G et al (2021) Fast calculation algorithm for region recognition and model interference ratio in the STL model based on voxel map** decoupling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 119(3-4):1553–1578
Yadroitsev I, Shishkovsky I, Bertrand P, Smurov I (2009) Manufacturing of finestructured 3D porous filter elements by selective laser melting. Appl Surf Sci 255(10):5523–5527
Wong KK, Leong KC (2018) Saturated pool boiling enhancement using porous lattice structures produced by selective laser melting. Int J Heat Mass Transf 121:46–63
Qian B, Fan H, Liu G et al (2021) Microchannel liquid-cooled heat exchanger based on a nonuniform lattice: study on structure calculation, formation process, and boiling heat transfer performance. Materials 14(23):1–17
Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular solids: structure and properties. University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge
Availability of data and material
Not applicable
Code availability
Not applicable
Funding
This paper was funded by the Key Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Research and Development—Model Processing and Process Planning Software Project for Additive Manufacturing (2018YFB1105300)—Universal Full-Dimension Digital Model Project (2018YFB1105301), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51705307), Open Project Program of the State Key Lab of CAD&CG (Grant No. A2015), Zhejiang University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable
Consent to participate
Not applicable
Consent for publication
The publication has been approved by the authors.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Qian, B., Fan, H. Adaptive honeycomb based on additive manufacturing: research on generation algorithm and mechanical characteristics. Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11495-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-023-11495-x