SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructural and mechanical properties of Ti-Mo alloys designed by the cluster plus glue atom model for biomedical application

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

β-type titanium alloys are acquiring research interest in orthopaedic applications because of their exceptional properties such as moderate strength, good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, high ductility and low elastic modulus. The study aims at designing a series of binary Ti-Mo alloys (Ti-8.71 Mo, Ti-10.02 Mo, Ti-11.78 Mo and Ti-15.05 Mo (wt%)) using the cluster plus glue atom model to design the compositions. The prediction methods such as the molybdenum equivalence, the average electron ratio and the d-electron methods were used to predict the stability of the β phase. Microstructural evolution and phases of the designed alloys were characterized using the optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffractometry (EBSD) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), while the microhardness and tensile properties were measured using the Vickers hardness tester and tensile testing machine. The microstructure of the cast Ti-Mo alloys comprised primarily the β phase and secondary orthorhombic martensitic α″ and athermal omega (ω) phases. Their elastic moduli (96.8–70.5 GPa) decreased with the amount of Ti in the glue side and were found to be lower than the commercially available 316 L stainless steel, Co-Cr and Ti6Al4V alloys. The microhardness values of the as-cast Ti-Mo alloys decreased as the amount of Ti in the glue side decreased in the cluster formula. The tensile strength of the as-cast alloys ranges from 796.76 to 593.48 MPa with Ti-8.71 wt% Mo alloy showing the highest tensile strength owing to the amount of Ti in the glue side. The yield strength of all the designed alloys decreased as the amount of Ti atoms placed in the glue side decreased. The elongation at fracture ranged between 0.28 and 0.71%, indicating that all the designed alloys fractured in a brittle manner. The elastic admissible strain of the designed alloys (Ti-15.05 wt% Mo) was significantly higher than the conventional orthopaedic implant materials (CP-Ti, Ti6Al4V) indicating that this study is promising for the development of excellent biomedical materials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that supports the findings of this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Navarro M, Michiardi A, Castan O (2008) Biomaterials in orthopaedics. January 2014:1137–1158. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Semetse L, Obadele BA, Raganya L, Geringer J, Olubambi PA (2019) Fretting corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V reinforced with zirconia in foetal bovine serum. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019:103392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Niinomi M and Niinomi M (2003), Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods Recent research and development in titanium alloys for biomedical applications and healthcare goods. vol. 6996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2003.09.002

  4. Okazaki Y (1996) Corrosion resistance and corrosion fatigue strength of new titanium alloys for medical implants without V and A1, vol 213, pp 138–147

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sumner DR, Turner TM, Igloria R, Urban RM, and Galante JO (1998), Functional adaptation and ingrowth of bone vary as a function of hip implant stiffness. vol. 31

  6. Keda YM, Krjukova IV, Ilovaiskaia IA, Morozova MS (2002) Antibodies to pituitary surface antigens during various pituitary disease states, pp 417–423

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. I., Ozan CWS, Lin J, Li Y (2015) Development of Ti-Nb-Zr alloys with high elastic admissible strain for temporary orthopedic devices. Acta Biomater 20:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Laheurte P, Prima F, Eberhardt A, Gloriant T, Wary M, Patoor E (2010) Mechanical properties of low modulus β titanium alloys designed from the electronic approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 3(8):565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang Q, Li Q, Li X, Zhang R, Gao X, Dong C, Liaw PK (2015) Microstructures and stability origins of β-(Ti,Zr)-(Mo,Sn)-Nb alloys with low Young’s modulus. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 46(9):3924–3931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-3011-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Pang C, Jiang B, Shi Y, Wang Q, Dong C (2015) Cluster-plus-glue-atom model and universal composition formulas [cluster](glue atom) x for BCC solid solution alloys. J Alloys Compd 652(December 2018):63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang Q, Dong C, Liaw PK (2015) Structural stabilities of β-Ti alloys studied using a new Mo equivalent derived from [β/(α + β)] phase-boundary slopes. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 46(8):3440–3447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2923-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bania PJ and Parris WM (1990), High strength alpha-beta titanium-base alloy. Google Patents, Jul. 1990

  13. Ikehata H, Nagasako N, Furuta T, Fukumoto A, Miwa K, Saito T (2004) First-principles calculations for development of low elastic modulus Ti alloys. Phys Rev B 70(17):174113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Morinaga M, Yukawa H (1997) Alloy design with the aid of molecular orbital method. Bull Mater Sci 20(6):805–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02747420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kuroda D, Niinomi M, Morinaga M, Kato Y, Yashiro T (1998) Design and mechanical properties of new β type titanium alloys for implant materials. Mater Sci Eng A 243(1–2):244–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Haghighi SE, Lu HB, Jian GY, Cao GH, Habibi D, Zhang LC (2015) Effect of α″ martensite on the microstructure and mechanical properties of beta-type Ti-Fe-Ta alloys. Mater. Des

  17. Oliveira NTC, Aleixo G, Caram R, Guastaldi AC (2007) Development of Ti – Mo alloys for biomedical applications: microstructure and electrochemical characterization, vol 453, pp 727–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.061

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Ho WF, Ju CP, Lin JHC (1999) Structure and properties of cast binary Ti Mo alloys, vol 20, no. May, pp 2115–2122

    Google Scholar 

  19. Chen Z, Yu-yong X, Li-juan LIU, Zhi-gaung KONG, Fan-tao CHEN (2006) Microstructures and properties of titanium alloys Ti-Mo for dental use. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 16:824–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60308-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang J, Li J, Chen G, Liu L, Chen Z, Meng Q (2018) Materials characterization fabrication and characterization of a novel β metastable Ti-Mo-Zr alloy with large ductility and improved yield strength. Mater Charact 139(September 2017):421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.03.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Correa DRN, Vicente FB, Araújo RO, Lourenço ML, Kuroda PAB, Buzalaf MAR, Grandini CR (2015) Effect of the substitutional elements on the microstructure of the Ti-15Mo-Zr and Ti-15Zr-Mo systems alloys. J Mater Res Technol 4(2):180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Davis R, Flower HM, West DRF (1979) Martensitic transformations in Ti-Mo alloys. J Mater Sci 14(3):712–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00772735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang W, Liu Y, Wu H, Song M, Zhang TY, Lan XD, Yao TH (2015) Materials characterization elastic modulus of phases in Ti – Mo alloys. Mater Charact 106:302–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.06.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nag S, Banerjee R, Fraser HL (2005) Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms in Ti–Nb–Zr–Ta, Ti–Mo–Zr–Fe and Ti–15Mo biocompatible alloys. Mater Sci Eng C 25(3):357–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hao YL et al (2002) Young’s modulus and mechanical properties of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4. 6Zr in relation to α″ martensite, vol 33, no. October, pp 3137–3144

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ho W (2008) Effect of omega phase on mechanical properties of Ti-Mo alloys for biomedical applications. J Med Biol Eng 28(1):47

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lin DJ, Chern Lin JH, Ju CP (2002) Structure and properties of Ti-7.5Mo-xFe alloys. Biomaterials 23(8):1723–1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00233-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Dal Bó MR, Salvador CAF, Mello MG, Lima DD, Faria GA, Ramirez AJ, Caram R (Dec. 2018) The effect of Zr and Sn additions on the microstructure of Ti-Nb-Fe gum metals with high elastic admissible strain. Mater Des 160:1186–1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.10.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was financially supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa, through Thuthuka Grant No. 115859.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Materials and Engineering, Manufacturing Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naudé Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, 0184, South Africa

    Nthabiseng Moshokoa, Lerato Raganya & Ronald Machaka

  2. Department of Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Nthabiseng Moshokoa, Lerato Raganya, Ronald Machaka & Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha

  3. Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana

    Babatunde Abiodun Obadele

Authors
  1. Nthabiseng Moshokoa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lerato Raganya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Babatunde Abiodun Obadele
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ronald Machaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Moshokoa Nthabiseng, Ronald Machaka and Lerato Raganya: conceptualization. Moshokoa Nthabiseng and Raganya Lerato: methodology. Moshokoa Nthabiseng: data curation, Writing, original draft preparation: Raganya Lerato, Machaka Ronald, Obadele Babatunde and Makhatha Mamookho. Supervision: Moshokoa Nthabiseng, Raganya Lerato, Obadele Babatunde and Makhatha Mamookho Writing: reviewing and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nthabiseng Moshokoa.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Moshokoa, N., Raganya, L., Obadele, B.A. et al. Microstructural and mechanical properties of Ti-Mo alloys designed by the cluster plus glue atom model for biomedical application. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 111, 1237–1246 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06208-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-06208-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation