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BrKAO2 mutations disrupt leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)

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Abstract

Key message

The role of BrKAO2 in leafy head formation was confirmed by using two allelic Chinese cabbage mutants.

Abstract

Chinese cabbage yield and quality are determined by leafy head formation. Cloning and characterising the key genes regulating leafy head formation are essential for its varietal improvement. We used an EMS-mutagenised population of the heading type ‘FT’ Chinese cabbage line and identified two allelic non-heading mutants, i.e. nhm3-1 and nhm3-2. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. MutMap and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genoty** revealed that BraA05g012440.3C was the candidate gene, which encodes ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase 2 in gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic pathway. It was named BrKAO2. Two non-synonymous mutations in the second BrKAO2 exon, respectively, accounted for the mutant phenotypes of nhm3-1 and nhm3-2. BrKAO2 was expressed during all leaf development stages, and there were no significant differences between the wild type and mutants in terms of BrKAO2 expression. The mutant phenotypes were restored to the wild type via exogenous GA3 application. RNA-Seq was performed on wild-type ‘FT’, nhm3-1, and nhm3-1 + GA3 rosette leaves, and several key genes involved in GA biosynthesis, signal transduction, and leafy head development were identified. These findings indicate that BrKAO2 is responsible for the leafy head formation in nhm3 mutants.

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Data availability

All data generated and analysed in this study are available upon request. Transcriptome sequencing data have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database under accession number GSE183651. The sequence data of MutMap have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) repository under accession numbers SRR15803269, SRR15828094, and SRR15829494.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Editage (https://www.editage.cn) for English language editing.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801854) and Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021-MS-231).

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  1. Shengnan Huang and Yue Gao have been contributed equally to this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, People’s Republic of China

    Shengnan Huang, Yue Gao, Meihui Xue, Junjie Xu, Ruiqi Liao, Shayu Shang, Yonghui Zhao, Chengyu Li, Zhiyong Liu & Hui Feng

  2. Integrated Department, Wafangdian Agriculture Technology and Popularization Center, Dalian, 116300, China

    **aofei Yang

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Contributions

HF and SH designed the experiments; SH and YG performed the research; MX, JX, RL, and SS participated in the research; CL and ZL provided technical help; YZ and XY participated in data analysis; and SH supervised this study and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hui Feng.

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Fig. S1 Phylogenetic tree of the BrKAO protein (TIF 1256 kb)

122_2022_4126_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Fig. S2 Expression analysis of BrKAO2 and BrKAO1 in wild-type ‘FT’ and nhm3-1 and nhm3–2 mutants. BrKAO2 and BrKAO1 expression levels in wild-type ‘FT’ were used as references for relative expression. *significant differences in expression levels at P < 0.05 (TIF 648 kb)

Fig. S3Gibberellin biosynthetic pathway (TIF 701 kb)

Fig. S4 DEGs in different pairwise comparisons (TIF 64 kb)

Table S1 Primers for KASP analysis (XLS 18 kb)

Table S2 Primers for gene cloning (XLS 885 kb)

Table S3 Primers for qRT-PCR analysis (XLS 24 kb)

Table S4 Candidate SNPs determined by MutMap (XLS 26 kb)

Table S5 Results of KASP analysis (XLS 21 kb)

Table S6 Read statistics based on RNA-Seq data of nine libraries of ‘FT’, nhm3-1, and nhm3-1+GA3 plants (XLS 28 kb)

Table S7 DEGs identified in ‘FT’ vs. nhm3-1 comparison (XLS 20 kb)

Table S8 DEGs identified in ‘FT’ vs. nhm3-1+GA3 comparison (XLS 888 kb)

Table S9 DEGs identified in nhm3-1 vs. nhm3-1+GA3 comparison (XLS 89 kb)

Table S10 DEGs of eight profiles in trend analysis (XLS 533 kb)

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Huang, S., Gao, Y., Xue, M. et al. BrKAO2 mutations disrupt leafy head formation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Theor Appl Genet 135, 2453–2468 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-022-04126-8

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