SpringerLink
Log in

Bioenergetics of fishes in a high-energy surf-zone

  • Published:
Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Energy budgets are proposed for four teleost and two elasmobranch species as well as for the main icthyofauna groups for a surf-zone ecosystem. The ecology of surf-zone fishes of eastern Cape beaches, Algoa Bay South Africa, is reviewed. Using the equationC=F+U+R d +R R +ΔB, the following general energy budgets were derived for fishes: teleosts − 100=10+4+21+23+42; elasmobranchs − 100=11+2+16+24+48; whereC: food consumption;F: faeces;U: nonfaecal excretion;R d : apparent specific dynamic action;R R : routine metabolism;ΔB: growth. These show that most of the energy consumed is used in metabolism (R d +R R ) and growth (ΔB) whereas excretion (U) only accounts for a small portion. The energy budgets developed are within ranges recorded for other species. The main feeding groups of surf-zone icthyofauna are the southern mulletLiza richardsonii, the sandsharkRhinobatos annulatus, benthic feeders, zooplankton feeders, omnivorous and piscivorous fish with biomass values of 1000, 1000, 3000, 2400, 400 and 400 kJ m−1, respectively; and annual consumption budgets of 22107, 13725, 65710, 65476, 9758 and 8517 kJ m−1 yr−1, respectively.L. richardsonii feeds mainly on surf diatoms, consuming 0.5% of total diatom production. Zooplankton production supplies 91%, and macrobenthic production 9%, of the energy needs of other non-piscivorous carnivorous fishes. Piscivorous fishes consume 30% of the available fish production. Nonfaecal-energy production (8229 kJ m−1 yr−1) is utilised by surf diatoms, and faecal-energy production (30 341 kJ m−1 yr−1), is returned to the detritus pool to be utilised by the microbial loop in surf-waters. Our current knowledge of surf-zone energetics indicates that fishes are important predators. This study confirms the concept that the ecosystem generates adequate food for the fish assemblage. Fishes recycle energy, as excretory products, via the detritus pool and surf-diatoms, while fishes moving across the outer boundary of the surf-zone export energy from the system. Data presented, therefore, also support the general concept of a self-sustaining beach/surf-zone ecosystem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature cited

  • Adams, S. M., McLean, R. B., Parrotta, J. A. (1982). Energy partitioning in largemouth bass under conditions of seasonally fluctuating prey availability. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111: 549–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beamish, F. W. H., Niimi, A. J., Lett, P. F. K. P. (1975). Bioenergetics of teleost fishes: environmental influences. In: Bolis, L., Maddrell, H. P., Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (eds.) Comparative physiology — functional aspects of structural materials. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, p. 187–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckley, L. E. (1983). Sea-surface temperatures variability around Cape Recife, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 79: 436–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Boisclair, D., Leggett, W. C. (1985). Rates of food exploitation by littoral fishes in a mesotrophic north-temperature lake. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sciences 42: 556–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Braaten, B. (1976). Respiratory metabolism and growth of atlantic salmon in relation to various levels of routine activity. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea Comm. Meet. 38: 1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Braaten, B. R. (1979). Bioenergetics — a review in methodology. In: Halver, J. E., Tiews, K. (eds.) Finfish nutrition fishfeed technology. Heenemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, p. 462–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Brafield, A. E., Llewellyn, M. J. (1982). Animal energetics. Blackie Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R. (1964). Respiratory metabolism and performance of young sockeye salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 21: 1183–1226

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R. (1973). Energy expenditure of sockeye salmon,Oncorhynchus nerka during sustained performance. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 30: 1799–1809

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R., Groves, T. D. D. (1979). Physiological energetics. In: Hoar, U. S., Randall, D. J., Brett, J. R. (eds.) Fish physiology, Vol. III. Academic Press, New York, 279–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R., Shelbourn, J. E., Shoop, C. T. (1969). Growth rate and body composition of fingerling sockeye salmonOncorhynchus nerka, in relation to temperature and ration size. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 26: 2363–2394

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R., Sutherland, D. B. (1965). Respiratory metabolism of pumpkinseed (Linomis gibbosus) in relation to swimming speed. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 22: 405–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, J. R., Sutherland, D. B., Heritage, G. D. (1971). An environmental-control tank for the synchronous study of growth and metabolism of young salmon. Fish. Res. Bd Can. Tech. Rep. 283: 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Buxton, C. D., Smale, M. J., Wallace, J. H., Cockroft, V. G. (1984). Inshore small-mesh trawling survey of the Cape south coast, Part 4. Contributions to the biology of some Teleostei and Chondrichtheys. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19: 180–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, J. N., Kostoris, J., Penhale, P. A. (1973). Preliminary energy budget of the ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in an arctic lake. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 30: 1179–1189

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, J. G., Schott, J. W., Abramson, N. J. (1960). The barred surf perch (Amphistichus argenteus Agrassiy) in southern California. Calif. Dep. Fish Game Fish Bull. 190

  • Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S. J., Bayley, H. S. (1982) Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol 73B: 25–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft, A. C. (1982). Aspects of the biology of the swimming prawnMacreopetasma africanus (Balss) M. Sc Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth

  • Cockcroft, A. C., Du Preez, H. H. (1989). The nitrogen and energy loss in nonfaecal and faecal excretion in the marine teleostLithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier, 1830). Mar. Biol. 101: 419–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft, A. C., Du Preez, H. H. (1990). Nitrogen and energy loss in the marine teleostLithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. (in press)

  • Cockcroft, A. C., McLachlan, A. (1986). Distribution of juvenile and adult penaeid prawnsMacropetasma africanus (Balss) in Algoa Bay. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 4: 245–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft, A. C., Wooldridge, T. (1987). Reproduction and larval distribution of the penaeid prawnMacropetasma africanus (Balss) in Algoa Bay. S. Afr. J. Zool. 22: 228–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee, D. J. (1982). Stomach content analysis of the leervis,Lichia amia (L.), from the Swartvlei system, southern Cape. S. Afr. J. Zool. 17: 177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D. J. (1971). Energy flow measurements. In: Holme, N. A., McIntyre, A. D. (eds.) Methods for the study of marine benthos. I.B.P. Handbook. No. 16. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh, p. 197–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K. R. (1985). Energy budget of coregonid (Coregonus spp.) fish growth, metabolism and reproduction. Oikos 45: 358–364

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vlas, J. (1979). Annual food intake by plaice and flounder in a tidal flat area in the Dutch Wadden Sea, with special reference to consumption of regeneration parts of macrobenthic prey. Neth. J. Sea. Res. 13: 17–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Diana, J. S. (1980). Diet activity pattern and swimming speeds of nothern pike (Esox lucius) in Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sciences 37: 1454–1458

    Google Scholar 

  • Diana, J. S. (1983). An energy budget for northern pike (Esox lucius). Can J. Zool. 61: 1968–1975

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, T. E. (1987). Longshore distribution ofDonax serra in two long-spiral bays in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 35: 217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Donn, T. E., Clarke, D. J., McLachlan, A., Du Toit, P. (1986). Distribution and abundance ofDonax serra Röding (Bivalvia: Donacidae) as related to beach morphology. I. Semilunar migrations. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 102: 121–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H. (1984). Molluscan predation byOvalipes punctatus (De Haan) (Crustacea: Branchyura: Portunidae). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 84: 55–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H. (1987a). Bioenergetics of six surf zone fishes. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H. (1987b). Laboratory studies on the oxygen consumption of the marine teleost,Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88A: 523–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H. (1988). A preliminary energy budget for the marine teleostLichia amia feeding on live southern mullet. In: Gnaiger, E., Wieser, W. (eds.) Energy transformations in cells and animals. Abstracts 10th Conference of the European Society for Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. September 5–9, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H., Cockcroft, A. C. (1988a). Nonfaecal and faecal losses ofPomadasys commersonni (Teleosti: Pomadaysidae) feeding on the surf clam,Donax serra. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90A: 63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez H. H., Cockcroft A. C. (1988b). Nonfaecal and faecal losses of the marine teleostLichia amia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90A: 71–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H., McLachlan, A. (1984). Distribution of the portunid crab,Ovalipes punctatus (De Haan) in Algoa Bay and salinity and temperature tolerances of its zoeae. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19: 302–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H., McLachlan, A., Marais, J. F. K. (1986a). Oxygen consumption of a shallow water teleost, the spotted grunter,Pomadasys commersonii (Lacepede, 1802). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A: 61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H., McLachlan, A., Marias, J. F. K. (1988) Oxygen consumption of two nearshore marine elasmobranchs,Rhinobatos annulatus (Muller & Henle, 1841) andMyliobatus aquila (Linnaeus, 1758). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89A: 283–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Preez, H. H., Strydom, W., Winter, P. E. D. (1986b). Oxygen consumption of two teleosts,Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) andLithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier, 1830). (Teleosti: Sparidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85A: 313–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R. R. C. (1973). Production ecology of two caribbean marine ecosystems. II. Metabolism and energy flow. Estuar. Coastl. Mar. Sci. 1: 319–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R. R. C., Finlayson, D. M., Steele, J. H. (1972). An experimental study of the oxygen consumption, growth and metabolism of the cod (Gadus morhua L.). J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 8: 299–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R. R. C., Steele, J. H. (1968). The ecology of O-group plaice and common dab at Loch Ewe. I. Populations and food. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 2: 215–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, J. M. (1976a). Energy losses in the waste products of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 561–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, J. M. (1976b). The energetics of feeding, metabolism and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in relation to body weight, water temperature and ration size. J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 923–948

    Google Scholar 

  • Flowerdew, M. W., Grove, D. J. (1980). An energy budget for juvenile thicklipped mullet,Crenimugil labrosus (Risso). J. Fish. Biol. 17: 395–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, G. (1945). Studies of marine fishes of Texas. Publs Inst. mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 1: 1–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, M. C. (1972). Bioenergetics of a sand goby (Gobius minutus) population. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 29: 187–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, A. N. (1982). Studies on wound healing and regeneration of the siphons of the bivalveDonax serra (Röding). Trans R. Soc. S. Afr. 44: 489–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobling, M. (1982). Food and growth relationships of the codGadus morhua L., with special reference to Balsfjorden, North Norway. J. Fish. Biol. 21: 357–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik, S. J., Dabrowski, K., Luquet, P. (1985). Experimental studies on some tropic relations in juvenile pike,Esox lucius L. J. Fish. Biol. 26: 171–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S. R. (1982). Estimating the energy budgets of actively predatory fishes. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sciences 39: 371–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S. R., Dickie, L. M: (1985). Bioenergetics of 0+ Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus). Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sciences 42: 105–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1981). Nursery grounds of juvenile teleosts: Evidence from the surf zone of Kings Beach, Port Elizabeth. S. Afr. J. Sci. 77: 388–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1982). Structural and functional aspects of the surfzone fish community in the eastern Cape. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1983a). Recruitment and growth patterns of juvenile marine teleosts caught at King's Beach, Algoa Bay. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18: 25–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1983b). The impact of surf-zone fish communities on faunal assemblages associated with sandy beaches. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 501–506

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1984a). Structural aspects of surf-zone fish assemblage at King's Beach, Algoa Bay, South Africa: short-term fluctuations. Estuar. Coastl Shelf. Sci. 18: 347–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1984b). Structural aspects of the surf-zone fish assemblage at King's Beach, Algoa Bay, South Africa: long-term fluctuations. Estuar. cstl. Shelf. Sci. 18: 459–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1984c). Aspects of the biology of three benthic feeding teleosts from King's Beach, Algoa Bay. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19: 51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A. (1986). Juveniles, food and the surf-zone habitat: implications for teleost nursery areas. S. Afr. J. Zool. 21: 51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak, T. A., McLachlan, A. (1987). Opportunistic utilization of mysid shoals by surf-zone teleosts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 37: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenanton, R. C. J. (1982). Alternative non-extuarine nursery habitats for some commercially and recreationally important fish species of south-western Australia. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 33: 881–900

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, J., Schaefer, C. T. (1983). The role of phytoplankton in surf ecosystems. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystem. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 381–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Malan, D. E., McLachlan, A. (1985). Vertical gradients in surf-zone sediments. S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 3: 43–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Marias, J. F. K. (1984). Feeding ecology of major carnivorous fish from four eastern Cape estuaries. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19: 210–223

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. J., Whitledge, T. E. (1972). Nitrogen excretion by anchovy (Engraulis mordax andE. ringens) and jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus). Fish. Bull. U.S. 70: 395–401

    Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, J. J. (1983). Food web in the surf-zone of an exposed sandy beach along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 529–538

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarland, W. N. (1963). A comparative ecophysiological study of three sandy beaches gastropods in the Eastern Cape. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth

  • McLachlan, A. (1977a). Composition, distribution, abundance and biomass of the macrofauna and meiofauna of four sandy beaches. Zool. Afr. 12: 279–306

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A. (1977b). Studies on the psammolittoral meiofauna of Algoa Bay. II. The distribution, composition and biomass of the meiofauna and macrofauna communities. Zool. Afr. 12: 33–60

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A. (1980). Intertidal zonation of macrofauna and stratification of meiofauna on high energy beaches in the eastern Cape, South Africa. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 44: 213–223

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A. (1983). Sandy beach ecology — a review. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 321–380

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., Bate, G. (1985). Carbon budget for a high energy surf-zone. Vie Mileu 35: 67–77

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., Cockcroft, A. C., Malan, D. E. (1984). Benthic faunal response to a high energy gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 16: 51–63

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T., Dye, A. H., Wooldridge, T., Van der Horst, G., Rossouw, G., Lasiak, T. A., McGwynne, L. (1981). Sand beach energetics: an ecosystems approach towards a high energy interface. Estuar. cstl. Shelf Sci. 13: 11–25

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., Hanekom, N. (1979). Aspects of the biology, ecology and seasonal fluctuations in biochemical composition, ofDonax serra in the East Cape. S. Afr. J. Zool. 14: 183–193

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., Lewin, J. (1981). Observations on surf phytoplankton blooms along the coast of South Africa. Botanica mar. 24: 553–557

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., McGwynne, L. (1986). Do sandy beaches accumulate nitrogen? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 34: 191–195

    Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, A., Wooldridge, T., Schramm, M., Kühn, M: (1980). Seasonal abundance, biomass and feeding of shorebirds on sandy beaches in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ostrich 51: 44–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehl, J. A. P. (1973) Ecology, osmoregulation and reproductive biology of the white steenbrasLithognathus lithognathus (Teleostei: Sparidae). Zool. Afr. 8: 157–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Minton, J. W., McLean, R. B. (1982). Measurements of growth and consumption of sauger (Stizostedion canadense): implication for fish energetics studies. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sciences 39: 1396–1403

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen, E. (1985). Population and energy dynamics of troutSalmo trutta in a small Danish stream. J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 869–882

    Google Scholar 

  • Niimi, A. J., Beamish F. W. H. (1974). Bioenergetics and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in relation to body weight and temperature. Can. J. Zool. 52: 447–456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandian, T. J., Marian, M. P. (1985). Nitrogen content of food as an index of absorption efficiency in fishes. Mar. Biol. 85: 301–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, R. J., Wissing, T. E. (1974). Energy cost of food utilization in the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Trans Am. Fish. Soc. 103: 38–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, W. E. (1971). Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh waters. I.B.P. handbook, 3. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, G. S. (1986). Faunal assemblages and food chains associated with surf-zone phytoplankton blooms. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth

  • Romer, G. S., McLachlan, A. (1986). Mullet grazing on surf diatom accumulations. J. Fish Biol. 28: 93–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw, G. J. (1983a). The biology of the sandsharkRhinobatos annulatus in Algoa Bay with notes on other elasmobranchs. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth

  • Rossouw, G. (1983b). The importance of non-teleosts fishes in the surf-zone with special reference toRhinobatos annulatus. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystem. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 749–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Salonen, L., Sarvala, J., Hakala, J., Viljanen, M. (1976). The relation of energy and organic carbon in aquatic invertebrates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 21: 724–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, R. L. (1963). Respiration of Atlantic Cod. I. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 20: 373–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, R. H. (1967). Species composition, size and seasonal abundance of fish in the surf waters of Long Island, New York. N.Y. Fish Game J. 1: 1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleyer, M. H., Wallace, J. H. (1986). Stomach contents of some shore-caught teleosts of Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Zool. 21: 272–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, A. D., Wright, L. D. (1983). Physical variability of sandy beaches. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 133–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloff, D. S., McLachlan, A., Bate, G. C. (1984). Spacial distribution and diel periodicity ofAnaulus birostratus Grunow in the surfzone of a sandy beach in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Botanica mar. 27: 461–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Smale, M. J. (1983). Resource patritioning by top predatory teleosts in eastern Cape coastal waters. (South Africa.) Ph. D. Thesis, Rhodes University

  • Smale, M. J. (1984). Inshore small-mesh trawling survey of the Cape south coast. Part 3. The occurrence and feeding ofAgyrosomus hololepidotus, Pomatomus saltatrix andMerluccius capensis. S. Afr. J. Zool. 19: 170–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Smale, M. J., Kok, H. M: (1983). The occurrence and feeding ofPomatomus saltatrix (elf) andLichia amia (leervis) juveniles in two Cape south coast estuaries. S. Afr. J. Zool. 18: 337–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. M., Heemstra, P. C. (1986). Smith's sea fishes. MacMillan South Africa, Johannesburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, D. J., Brafield, A. (1972). The energetics of feeding, metabolism and growth of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 699–718

  • Staples, D. J., Nomura, M. (1976). Influence of body size and food ration on the energy budget of rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish. Biol. 9: 29–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, K. M., Smith, K. L. (1982). Energetics of sablevish,Anoplopoma fimbria under laboratory conditions. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sciences 39: 1012–1020

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutterlin, A. M. (1975). Chemical attraction of some marine fish in their natural habitat. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 32: 729–738

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, M. M. B. (1986). The distribution of the surf diatomAnaulus birostratus in relation to the nearshore circulation in an exposed beach/surf zone ecosystem. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth

  • Van der Elst, R. (1981). A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Westhuizen, H. C. (1976). ’n Inleidende studie van sekere aspekte van die biologie vanPomadasys commersonni (Lacepede, 1802). Unpublished report, University of Port Elizabeth

  • Van der Westhuizen, H. C., Marais, J. F. K. (1977). Stomach content analysis ofPomadasys commersonni from the Swartkops estuary (Pisces: Pomadasidae). Zool. Afr. 12: 500–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. H., Kok, H. M., Beckley, L. E., Bennett, B., Blaber, J. S. M., Whitfield, A. K. (1984). South African Estuaries and their Importance to Fish. Port Elizabeth Museum, Port Elizabeth

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. H., Van der Elst, R. P. (1975) The estuarine fishes of the east coast of South Africa. 4. Occurrence of juveniles in estuaries. 5. Ecology estuarine dependence and status. Investl Rep. oceanogr. Res. Inst., Durban 42: 1–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware, D. M. (1971). Predation by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): the effect of experience. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 28: 1847–1852

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware, D. M. (1975). Growth, metabolism, and optimal swimming speed of a pelagic fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 32: 33–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, C. E., Davis, G. E. (1967). Laboratory studies on the feeding, bioenergetics and growth of fish. In: Gerking, S. D. (ed.) Biological basis of freshwater fish production. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 175–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, G., McLachlan, A. (1985). Zonation and biomass of the intertidal macrofauna along a South African sandy beach. Cah. Biol. mar. 26: 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E., Hall, D. J. (1974). Optimal foraging and the size selection of prey by the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ecology 55: 1042–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, A. K. (1980). A quantitative study of the trophic relationships within the fish community of the Mlhanga estuary, South Africa. Estuar. cstl. mar. Sci. 10: 417–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, A. K., Blaber, S. J. M. (1978). Food and feeding ecology of piscivorous fishes at Lake St. Lucia, Zululand. J. Fish. Biol. 13: 675–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Winberg, G. G. (1956). Rate of metabolism and food requirements of fish. Fish. Res Bd Can. Tans. ser. 194: 3–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Winberg, G. G. (1971). Methods for the estimation of production of aquatic animals. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge, T. (1981). Zonation and distribution of the beach mysidGastrosaccus psammodytes. J. Zool., Lond. 193: 183–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge, T. (1983). Ecology of beach surf-zone mysid shrimps in Eastern Cape, South Africa. In: McLachlan, A., Erasmus, T. (eds.) Sandy beaches as ecosystems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Boston, p. 449–460

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and Institute for Coastal Research, University of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, 6000, Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa

    H. H. Du Preez, A. McLachlan, J. F. K. Marais & A. C. Cockcroft

Authors
  1. H. H. Du Preez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. McLachlan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. F. K. Marais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. C. Cockcroft
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe

Please address all correspondence and requests for reprints to Dr Du Preez at his present address: Research Unit for Fish Biology, Rand Afrikaans University, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2000, Republic of South Africa

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Du Preez, H.H., McLachlan, A., Marais, J.F.K. et al. Bioenergetics of fishes in a high-energy surf-zone. Mar. Biol. 106, 1–12 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02114669

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02114669

Keywords

Search

Navigation