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The mechanism of the Mt. St. Helens eruption and speculations regarding Soret effects in planetary dynamics

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Abstract

Steady heat flux through a double diffusive layered convecting system demands each layer have the same Rayleigh number. If double diffusive convective layering occurs in a gaseous rotating proto-solar system nebula of uniform composition, this Rayleigh number criterion sets the distances from the centre of the nebula to each boundary layer of the convecting layers and these distances are given by the Titius-Bode law. In a layer of nebula convection, outgoing plumes will be retrograde, ingoing plumes prograde, such that where these plumes im**e on a boundary layer, vortices can be set up in the boundary layer with rotation along the same axis as the total cloud. Soret convection may serve to segregate the cloud isotopically, elementally and chemically.

With regard to the failure of the north slope on Mt. St. Helens, 18th May, 1980, civil engineering criteria rule out gravitational failure and leave ambiguous the possibility the slide was seismically induced.P arrival andS wave magnitudes from the 18th May eruption along with characteristics of blasting excavation indicates the north slope failure to have been induced by explosion at depth. A review of industrial experience with steam explosions indicates it unlikely the Mt. St. Helens blast was the result of loss of overburden and vapor flashing. Quench cooling, however, may yield vapor super-saturations to 104 atmospheres. Once exsolution was initiated, vapor mass transport would be massive and strip the melt dry of other volatiles, this based on explosive exsolution experience in steel making industries.

Further appeal to industrial solidifying melt literature indicates marginal border groups and cryptic variation to be analogs of microsegregation (solute banding) and macrosegregation. Fractional crystallization in the sense of micro and macrosegregation sets up the zonation in a mafic magma chamber necessary to establish double diffusive convective layering and attendent Soret segregation of minerals. Theoretically, rollover, i.e. homogenization of stratified or zoned chambers can occur in mafic or andesitic environments. In the andesitic environment, zonation of the chamber from silicic to mafic melt with depth indicates that the mafic portions could be explosively supercharged with vapor during the quench attending rollover, i.e., it would ‘pop’ like popcorn but on a more impressive scale.

KNO3 and NaNO3 aqueous solutions have negative Soret coefficients which explain peculiar density build-ups in the bottom of experimental tanks. These experiments were designed to model magma chambers but they do not replicate solidifying melts because they lack dynamic similitude: pertinent dimensionless parameters differ by up to 7 orders of magnitude. Scaling crystal size in these experiments indicates that crystals a kilometer across should be found in magma chambers. These experiments also advance a mechanism for picritic intrusions in oceanic crust for which horizontal layering is required. However, ophiolites show essentially arcuate banding and picrites vertical banding.

Another proposal suggests finger regime convection in stars or solidifying melts: this requires the star and melt to be cooler on the inside than the outside. It is recognised in other disciplines that double diffusive convection and Soret (thermal diffusion, thermosolutal, thermohaline) convection are the same things. For oceanic salinities, the Soret coefficient in an aqueous solution goes negative below ∼12°C (temperatures encountered in the thermocline). This has implications for T-S relationships and literature on salt fingers neglecting this fact will need revision. The Soret effect is manifest in stratified saline and fresh water experiments in that for certain molarities the upper layer can freshen, all the salt going into the lower layer heated from below. However, the lower layer does take water from the upper layer, increasing its depth. This in turn decreases the molarity of the NaCl until the Soret coefficient becomes positive again and the tank rolls over (mixes completely). It must be emphasised that double diffusive layering is persistent in extremely turbulent conditions as witness the oceans. It is suggested that the term ‘double diffusive’ be limited to situations such as salt sugar solutions. Soret convection is a more precise descriptive for transporting heat in addition to mass. A method for continuous spatial sampling of geologic units is described, i.e., lasertrace, from whence Soret coefficients in the field may be determined.

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Rice, A. The mechanism of the Mt. St. Helens eruption and speculations regarding Soret effects in planetary dynamics. Geophysical Surveys 7, 303–384 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01449757

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