Abstract
A stratigraphic and structural study was carried out in the central part of the Chinese South Tianshan (STS) within a 50–100 km-wide transect centered on the Dushanzi-Kuqa road (83°–85° E). Our data elucidate the tectonic structure and evolution of the Palaeozoic sedimentary basin, document overthrust structures in the late Carboniferous-early Permian orogenic belt and suggest correlations between the western and eastern segments of the STS in Kyrgyzstan and China.
We recognise a series of lithotectonic units in the study area that have different stratigraphic characteristics and were formed within (a) continental margin and slope of the Kazakhstan continent, (b) Turkestan (South Tianshan) ocean, (c) intra-oceanic carbonate sea-mounts, which at least partly evolved on top of an extinct island arc, (d) a back-arc oceanic-crust basin, (e) external deeper marine and internal shallow-marine areas of the Tarim shelf and (f) Tarim craton. The overall structure of the basin was similar within Kyrgyzstan and China. The main distinction of the western areas is a lack of ophiolites on the southern flank of the belt, a poorly expressed arc in the axial part, and a more complicated facial setting of the central area, where carbonate banks were separated by deeper marine depressions with cherty deposits. The eastern sector is defined by a continental arc that evolved on the northern margin of the Tarim craton in the Silurian and became separated from the continent in the latest Silurian-early Devonian. There is also a middle Palaeozoic metamorphic belt on the southern flank of the STS.
A pre-Carboniferous unconformity, previously assumed throughout the study area, is only confirmed within the continental massifs of Kazakhstan and Tarim. As in the western areas, the unconformity does not exist within the STS. Continuous sedimentation in the STS occurred from the Early Devonian to the early Bashkirian in marginal parts of the belt and up to Gzhelian age in the axial part. Convergence began in the Bashkirian (320–315 Ma) and caused subduction of oceanic crust in the northern and southern areas of the STS to the north and south, respectively. A back arc basin in the south was closed in the Moscovian, and since that time top-to-the-south thrusting and overthrusting prevailed throughout the STS.
The time of onset of collision of Kazakhstan with Tarim was not younger in age than Kasimovian, based on the age of initiation of a turbidite foreland basin on the northern margin of Tarim. Thrust deformation during the Late Pennsylvanian to early Permian was synchronous within Kyrgyzstan and China; it occurred in a collisional setting and was accompanied by accumulation of turbidites and olistostromes. Broad termination of thrusting, followed by folding and uplift of the area in the middle Asselian indicates the beginning of a rigid collisional phase. Emplacement of early Permian stitching granite plutons in the STS and adjacent areas of Kazakhstan and Tarim completes the formation of the collisional orogen within Kyrgyzstan and northwestern China.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. B. Allen, B. F. Windley, and C. Zhang, “Paleozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan, Central Asia,” Tectonophysics 220, 89–115 (1992).
A. B. Bakirov and R. A. Maksumova, “Geodynamic evolution of the Tien Shan lithosphere,” Russ. Geol. Geophys. 42(10), 1359–1366 (2001).
Yu. S. Biske, “Island arcs in the Paleozoic history of the Southern Tien Shan,” Geotektonika, No. 2, 41–46 (1991).
Yu. S. Biske, “Late Paleozoic collision of the Tarimskiy and Kirghiz-Kazakh paleocontinents,” Geotectonics 29(1), 26–34 (1995).
Yu. S. Biske, Paleozoic Structure and History of South Tian Shan (St.-Peterburg University Publishing, St.-Peterburg, 1996), (in Russian).
Yu. S. Biske, “Eastern (Chinese) sector of the Southern Tian Shan-collisional structure and main features of the Palaeozoic history,” Bull. St. Petersburg Univ., Ser. 7 3(21), 3–13 (1998).
Yu. S. Biske, D. V. Alexeiev, Bo Wang, et al., “Structures of the late Palaeozoic thrust belt in the Chinese South Tian Shan,” Dokl. Earth Sci. 442(1), 8–12 (2012).
Yu. S. Biske, D. L. Konopelko, and R. Seltmann, “Geodynamics of late Paleozoic magmatism in the Tien Shan and its framework,” Geotectonics 47(4), 291–309 (2013).
Yu. S. Biske and R. Seltmann, “Paleozoic Tian-Shan as a transitional region between the Rheic and Urals-Turkestan oceans,” Gondwana Res. 17, 602–613 (2010).
Yu. S. Biske and G. G. Shilov, “Structure of the northern margin of Tarim massif (Eastern Kokshaal area, Tien Shan),” Geotectonics 32(2), 114–121 (1998).
V. S. Burtman, “Structural geology of the Variscan Tien Shan, USSR,” Am. J. Sci., Ser. A 272, 157–186 (1975).
V. S. Burtman, Tien-Shan and High Asia. Tectonics and Geodynamics in the PalaeozoicTrans. Geol. Inst. Ross. Acad. Sci. 570, (2006) [in Russian].
V. S. Burtman, “Nappes of the southern Tien Shan,” Russ. J. Earth Sci. 10, ES1006 (2008), doi:10.2205/2007ES000223.
A. R. Carroll, S. A. Graham, M. S. Hendrix, et al., “Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of northwestern China: sedimentary record of the north Tarim, northwestern Turpan and southern Junggar basins,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 107, 571–594 (1995).
J. Charvet, L. S. Shu, and S. Laurent-Charvet, “Palaeozoic structural and geodynamic evolution of eastern Tianshan (NW China): welding of the Tarim and Junggar plates,” Episodes 30(3), 162–186 (2007).
J. Charvet, L. S. Shu, S. Laurent-Charvet, et al., “Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan belt, NW China,” Sci. China, Earth Sci. 54, 166–184 (2011).
C. M. Chen, H. F. Lu, D. Jia, et al., “Closing history of the southern Tianshan oceanic basin, western China: an oblique collisional orogeny,” Tectonophysics 302, 23–40 (1999).
Y. B. Chen, A. Q. Hu, G. X. Zhang, and Q. F. Zhang, “Zircon U-Pb age of granitic gneiss on Duku highway in western Tianshan of China and its geological implications,” Chin. Sci. Bull. 45, 649–653 (2000).
Z. Q. Chen and G. R. Shi, “Late Paleozoic depositional history of the Tarim basin, northwest China: an integration of biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic constraints,” AAPG Bull. 87(8), 1323–1354 (2003).
H. E. Cook, V. G. Zhemchuzhnikov, W. G. Zempolich, et al., “Devonian and Carboniferous carbonate platform facies in the Bolshoi Karatau, Southern Kazakhstan: outcrop analogs for coeval carbonate oil and gas fields in the North Caspian basin, Western Kazakhstan,” Ed. by W. G. Zempolich and H. E. Cook, in Paleozoic Carbonates of the Commonwealth of the Independent States (CIS): Subsurface Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogs, SEPM Special Publication, 2002, No. 74, pp. 81–122.
K. de Jong, B. Wang, M. Faure, et al., “New 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tianshan (**njiang, northwestern China), with emphasis on Permian fluid ingress,” Int. J. Earth Sci. 98, 1239–1258 (2009).
I. B. Filippova, V. A. Bush, and A. N. Didenko, “Middle Paleozoic subduction belts: the leading factor in the formation of the Central Asian fold-and-thrust belt,” Russ. J. Earth Sci. 3, 405–426 (2001).
J. Gao and R. Klemd, “Formation of HP-LT rocks and their tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Orogen, NW China: geochemical and age constraints,” Lithos 66, 1–22 (2003).
J. Gao, R. Klemd, Q. Qian, et al., “The collision between the Yili and Tarim blocks of the Southwestern Altaids: Geochemical and age constraints of a leucogranite dike crosscutting the HP-LT metamorphic belt in the Chinese Tianshan Orogen, Tectonophysics 499, 118–131 (2011).
J. Gao, R. Klemd, L. Zhang, et al., “P-T path of high-pressure/low-temperature rocks and tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Mountains, NW China,” J. Metamorphic Geol. 17(6), 621–636 (1999).
J. Gao, M. S. Li, X. C. **ao, et al., “Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan Orogen, northern China,” Tectonophysics 287, 213–231 (1998).
J. Gao, L. L. Long, R. Klemd, et al., “Tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions, NW China: geochemical and age constraints of granitoid rocks,” Int. J. Earth Sci. 98, 1221–1238 (2009).
J. Gao, Y. Q. Tang, M. Zhao, and J. Wang, “The formation environment of ophiolites in Haerk Mountains, **njiang,” Earth Sci. 20(6), 682–688 (1995) [in Chinese with English abstract].
R. Gao, L. **ao, H. Q. Wang, et al., “Geochemical characteristics and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of volcanic rocks in Kaidu River, South Tianshan, **njiang, and their geological significance,” Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 30(4), 541–553 (2012).
R. F. Ge, W. B. Zhu, H. L. Wu, et al., “The Paleozoic northern margin of the Tarim Craton: passive or active?,” Lithos 142–143, 1–15 (2012).
S. Glorie, J. De Grave, M. M. Buslov, et al., “Multimethod chronometric constraints on the evolution of the Northern Kyrgyz Tien Shan batholith: from emplacement to exhumation,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 38, 131–146 (2010).
L. L. Gou, L. F. Zhang, R. B. Tao, and J. X. Du, “A geochemical study of syn-subduction and post-collisional granitoids at Muzhaerte River in the Southwest Tianshan UHP belt, NW China,” Lithos 136–139, 201–224 (2012).
B. F. Han, G. Q. He, X. C. Wang, and Z. J. Guo, “Late Carboniferous collision between the Tarim and Kazakhstan-Yili terranes in the western segment of the South Tian Shan Orogen, Central Asia, and implications for the North **njiang, western China,” Earth-Sci. Rev. 109, 74–93 (2011).
E. Hegner, R. Klemd, A. Kröner, et al., “Mineralogy ages and P-T conditions of late Paleozoic high-pressure eclogite and provenance of mélange sediments in the South Tianshan Orogen of Kyrgyzstan,” Am. J. Sci. 310, 916–950 (2010).
C. Y. Jiang, Y. M. Mu, X. N. Zhao, et al., “Petrology and geochemistry of active continental margin intrusive rock belt on the northern margin of the Tarim,” Regional Geol. China 20(2), 158–163 (2001) [in Chinese with English abstract].
T. Jiang, J. Gao, R. Klemd, et al., “Paleozoic ophiolitic mélanges from the South Tianshan Orogen, NW China: geological, geochemical and geochronological implications for the geodynamic setting,” Tectonophysics 612–613, 106–127 (2014).
Ye. V. Khristov and M. P. Khristova, “The structural position and features of constitution of the ophiolites of the eastern part of the Southern Tien Shan belt,” Geotectonics, 12(5), 368–375 (1978).
Ye. V. Khristov and A. V. Mikolaichuk, “Geosynclinal basement of the crust of the Fergana-Kokshaal Hercynides,” Geotectonics 17(3), 233–241 (1983).
R. Klemd, T. John, E. E. Scherer, et al., “Changes in dip of subducted slabs at depth: petrological and geochronological evidence from HP-UHP rocks (Tianshan, NW-China),” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 310, 9–20 (2011).
S. Yu. Kolodyazhnyi, M. G. Leonov, and R. S. Khan, “Tectonics of South Nurata lineament zone (Kyzyl Kum),” Geotektonika, No. 5, 93–106 (1991).
V. G. Konygin, M. G. Leonov, and E. V. Loshmanov, “Tectonic structure of Kurganak zone of the Southern Tien Shan,” Geotektonika, No. 6, 76–85 (1988).
A. Kröner, D. V. Alexeiev, E. Hegner, et al., “New zircon, Sm-Nd, and Ar-Ar ages for Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks from the Tianshan orogenic belt in Kyrgyzstan and disappearance of the Archaean,” in International Field Excursion and Workshop on Tectonic Evolution and Crustal Structure of the Paleozoic Chinese Tianshan, Urumqi, China, 2009 (Training Center for Science and Technology Cadres, CAS, China), pp. 40–41.
S. A. Kurenkov and V. A. Aristov, “On the time of formation of the Turkestan paleoocean crust,” Geotectonics 29(6), 469–477 (1996).
M. G. Leonov, “South Tien Shan: geologic conditions of greenschist metamorphism and a model of geotectonic evolution,” Geotectonics, 19(5), 385–396 (1985).
M. G. Leonov, “Phanerozoic geodynamic regimes of the Southern Tien Shan,” Geotectonics 30(3), 200–216 (1996).
S. W. Li and D. K. Xu, Geological Map of Chinese Tianshan and Adjacent Areas, Scale 1: 1000000 (Geology Publishing House, 2007), 2 sheets (in Chinese).
X. D. Li, W. J. **ao, and Z. L. Zhou, “40Ar/39A age determination on the Late Devonian tectonic event along the southern margin of the South Tianshan Mountains and its significance,” Acta Geologica Sinica 20(3), 691–696 (2004) [in Chinese with English abstract].
Z. Li, W. J. Song, S. T. Peng, et al., “Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic relationships between the Kuqa subbasin and Tian Shan, northwest China: constraints from depositional records,” Sediment. Geol. 172, 223–249 (2004).
Z. L. Li, H. L. Chen, B. Song, et al., “Temporal evolution of the Permian large igneous province in Tarim Basin in northwestern China,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 42, 917–927 (2011).
W. Lin, Y. Chu, W. B. Ji, et al., “Geochronological and geochemical constraints for a middle Paleozoic continental arc on the northern margin of the Tarim block: implications for the Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the South Chinese Tianshan,” Lithosphere 5, 355–381 (2013).
W. Lin, M. Faure, Y. H. Shi, et al., “Palaeozoic tectonics of the southwestern Chinese Tianshan: new insights from a structural study of the high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic belt,” Int. J. Earth Sci. 98, 1259–1274 (2009).
J. G. Liu, C. S. Lin, S. T. Li, et al., Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and its provenance implications on Silurian Tarim Basin,” J. Earth Sci. 23(4), 455–475 (2012).
Y. Liu, “Early Carboniferous radiolarian fauna from Heiyingshan, south of the Tianshan Mountains and its geotectonic significance, Acta Geologica Sinica 75, 101–108 (2001).
L. L. Long, J. Gao, R. Klemd, et al., “Geochemical and geochronological studies of granitoid rocks from the Western Tianshan Orogen: Implications for continental growth in the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt,” Lithos 126, 321–340 (2011).
L. L. Long, J. Gao, Q. Qian, et al., “Geochemistry and SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb age of postcollisional granites in the Southwest Tianshan Orogenic Belt of China: examples from the Heiyingshan and Laohutai plutons,” Acta Geologica Sinica 82, 415–424 (2008).
L. L. Long, J. Gao, X. M. **ong, and Q. Qian, “The geochemical characteristics and the age of the Kule Lake ophiolite in the southern Tianshan,” Acta Petrologica Sinica 22(1), 65–73 (2006) [in Chinese with English abstract].
S. N. Lu, H. K. Li, C. L. Zhang, and G. H. Niu, “Geological and geochronological evidence for the Precambrian evolution of the Tarim Craton and surrounding continental fragments,” Precambrian Res. 160, 94–107 (2008).
Z. P. Ma, L. Q. **a, X. Y. Xu, et al., “Geochemical characteristics of basalts: evidence for the tectonic setting and geological significance of Kulehu ophiolite, South Tianshan Mountains,” Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 25(5), 387–400 (2006) [in Chinese with English abstract].
Z. P. Ma, L. Q. **a, X. Y. Xu, et al., “Geochemical characteristics and pedogenesis of the early Paleozoic igneous rocks from Bayinbuluke, Southern Tianshan,” Acta Petrologica Sinica 24(10), 2289–2300 (2008) [in Chinese with English abstract].
V. I. Makarov, D. V. Alekseev, V. Yu. Batalev, et al., “Underthrusting of Tarim beneath the Tien Shan and deep structure of their junction zone: main results of seismic experiment along MANAS profile Kashgar-Song-Köl,” Geotectonics 44(2), 102–126 (2010).
R. A. Maksumova, A. V. Djenchuraeva, and A. V. Berezanskii, “Structure and evolution of the Tien Shan nappe-folded orogen,” Russ. Geol. Geophys. 42(10), 1367–1374 (2001).
O. A. Mazarovich, I. S. Barskov, V. I. Borisenok, et al., “Northern **njiang in system of Central Asia Paleozoides, Article 1: General characteristics and problems of stratigraphy,” Bull. MOIP, Geol. Ser. 70(6), 3–21 (1995).
A. V. Mikolaichuk and A. Buchroithner, Geological map of Khan-Tengri Massif, Scale 1: 200000 (ISTC Project KR-920, 2008), http://www.cluster.istc.kg.
A. V. Mikolaichuk, S. A. Kurenkov, K. E. Degtyarev, and V. I. Rubtsov, “Northern Tien Shan: main stages of geodynamic evolution in the late Precambrian-early Paleozoic,” Geotectonics 31(6), 445–462 (1997).
A. A. Mossakovsky, S. V. Ruzhentsev, S. G. Samygin, and T. N. Kheraskova, “Central Asian fold belt: geodynamic evolution and formation history,” Geotectonics 27(6), 445–474 (1994).
A. V. Neievin and Yu. S. Biske, “Uncompensated subsidence of Chirmash carbonate platform (middle Palaeozoic of Atbashi Ridge, Southern Tian Shan),” Vestnik St. Petersburg State Univ., Ser. 7, 3, 72–77 (2004).
G. S. Porshnyakov, Hercynides of Alai and Adjacent Regions of South Tianshan (LGU, Leningrad, 1973), [in Russian].
V. N. Puchkov, Formation of the Urals-Novaya Zemlya foldbelt: a result of irregular oblique collision of continents,” Geotectonics, 30(5), 400–409 (1996).
J. F. Qi, G. G. Lei, M. G. Li, et al., “Contractional structure model of the transition belt between Kuche depression and South Tianshan uplift,” Earth Sci. Frontiers 16(3), 120–128 (2009).
Q. Qian, J. Gao, R. Klemd, et al., “Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Chinese South Tianshan Orogen: constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of basaltic and dioritic rocks from **ate, NW China,” Int. J. Earth Sci. 98, 551–569 (2009).
K. V. Seliverstov and M. D. Ghes’, “Petrochemical features of magmatites and major kinematic parameters of middle Carboniferous-early Permian subduction of the Turkestan paleo-ocean (Tien Shan, Northern Fergana),” Russ. Geol. Geophys. 42(10), 1393–1397 (2001).
R. Seltmann, D. Konopelko, G. Biske, et al., “Hercynian post-collisional magmatism in the context of Paleozoic magmatic evolution of the Tien Shan orogenic belt,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 42(5), 821–838 (2011).
V. A. Simonov, K. S. Sakiev, N. I. Volkova, et al., “Conditions of formation of the Atbashi Ridge eclogites (South Tien Shan),” Russ. Geol. Geophys. 49, 803–815 (2008).
P. L. Shi, B. H. Fu, Y. Ninomiya, et al., “Multispectral remote sensing map** for hydrocarbon seepage-induced lithologic anomalies in the Kuqa foreland basin, south Tian Shan,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 46, 70–77 (2012).
L. S. Shu, X. L. Deng, W. B. Zhu, et al., “Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Tarim Block, NW China: new geochronological insights from the Quruqtagh domain,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 42, 774–790 (2011).
E. R. Sobel, J. Chen, and R. V. Heermance, “Late Oligocene-early Miocene initiation of shortening in the Southwestern Chinese Tian Shan: implications for Neogene shortening rate variations,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 247, 70–81 (2006).
Subdivisions of Stratified and Intrusive Rocks of Tajikistan, Ed. by R. B. Baratov (Donish, Dushanbe, 1976), (in Russian).
W. Su, J. Gao, R. Klemd, et al., “U-Pb zircon geochronology of Tianshan eclogites in NW China: implication for the collision between the Yili and Tarim blocks of the southwestern Altaids,” Eur. J. Mineralog. 22, 473–478 (2010).
I. I. Voitovich, V. D. Ghes’, and I. A. Mezgin, “Geological-genetic model of the formation of the Chatkal ore district in the Proterozoic to middle Palaeozoic,” Izvestiya Nat. Acad. Sci. Kyrgyzstan, 4, 81–86 (2003) [in Russian].
B. Wang, D. Cluzel, L. S. Shu, et al., “Evolution of calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism through Carboniferous convergence to Permian transcurrent tectonics, western Chinese Tianshan,” Int. J. Earth Sci. 98(6), 1275–1298 (2009).
B. Wang, M. Faure, L. S. Shu, et al., “Structural and geochronological study of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Kekesu section (Northwestern China): implications for the late Paleozoic tectonics of the southern Tianshan,” J. Geol. 118, 59–77 (2010).
B. Wang, L. S. Shu, D. Cluzel, et al., “Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block (**njiang, NW China): Implication for the tectonic evolution of Western Tianshan,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 29, 148–159 (2007).
B. Wang, L. Shu, M. Faure, et al., Paleozoic tectonics of the southern Chinese Tianshan: insights from structural, chronological and geochemical studies of the Heiyingshan ophiolitic mélange (NW China),” Tectonophysics 497, 85–104 (2011).
B. Y. Wang, Q. Li, and J. B. Liu, “Geological structures of the Middle Tianshan Mountains along the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway,” **njiang Geol. 15(2), 135–154 (1997) [in Chinese with English abstract].
B. F. Windley, D. V. Alexeiev, W. **ao, et al., “Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,” J. Geol. Soc., London 164, 31–47 (2007).
B. F. Windley, M. B. Allen, and C. Zhang, “Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan Range, Central Asia,” Geology 18, 128–131 (1990).
XBGMR (**njiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources) Geological map 1:200000, Sheets K-44-10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18; K-45-7, 8, 13, 14 (in Chinese).
B. **a, L. F. Zhang, Y. **a, and T. Bader, “The tectonic evolution of the Tianshan Orogenic Belt: evidence from U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Chinese southwestern Tianshan accretionary mélange,” Gondwana Res. 25, 1627–1643 (2014).
W. J. **ao, B. F. Windley, M. B. Allen, and C. M. Han, “Paleozoic multiple accretionary and collisional tectonics of the Chinese Tianshan orogenic collage,” Gondwana Res. 23(4), 1316–1341 (2013).
X. Y. Xu, Z. P. Ma, Z. C. **a, et al., “TIMS U-Pb isotopic dating and geochemical characteristics of Paleozoic granitic rocks from the Middle-Western section of Tianshan,” Northwest. Geol. 39(1), 50–75 (2006) [in Chinese with English abstract].
X.Y. Xu, H. L. Wang, P. Li, et al., “Geochemistry and geochronology of Paleozoic intrusions in the Nalati (Narati) area in western Tianshan, **njiang, China: implications for Paleozoic tectonic evolution,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 72, 33–62 (2013).
H. B. Yang, P. Gao, B. Li, and Q. J. Zhang, “The geological character of the Sinian Dalubayi ophiolite in the west Tianshan, **njiang,” **njiang Geol. 23(2), 123–126 (2005) [in Chinese with English abstract].
A. Yin, S. Nie, P. Craig, et al., “Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan,” Tectonics 17(1), 1–27 (1998).
L. F. Zhang, Y. L. Ai, X. P. Li, et al., “Triassic collision of western Tianshan orogenic belt, China: evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from HP/UHP eclogitic rocks,” Lithos 96, 266–280 (2007).
L. F. Zhang, J. X. Du, Z. Lü, et al., “A huge oceanictype UHP metamorphic belt in southwestern Tianshan, China: Peak metamorphic age and P-T path,” Chin. Sci. Bull. 58(35), 4378–4383 (2013).
D. Zhou, S. A. Graham, E. Z. Chang, et al., “Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of the Chinese Tianshan: evidence from a transect along the Dushanzi-Kuqa highway,” Ed. by M. S. Hendrix and G. A. Davis, in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central Asia: from Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation (Boulder, Geological Society of America Memoir 194, Geological Society of America, 2001), pp. 23–46.
Y. F. Zhu, L. F. Zhang, L. B. Gu, et al., “The zircon SHRIMP chronology and trace element geochemistry of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks in western Tianshan Mountains,” Chin. Sci. Bull. 50, 2201–2212 (2005).
Z. X. Zhu, J. Y. Li, L. H. Dong, et al., “The age determination of late Carboniferous intrusions in Mangqisu region and its constraints to the closure of oceanic basin in South Tianshan, **njiang,” Acta Petrologica Sinica 24(2), 2761–2766 (2008).
L. P. Zonenshain, M. I. Kuzmin, and L. M. Natapov, “Plate tectonics of the USSR: a plate-tectonic synthesis,” Amer. Geophys. Union., Geodynam. Ser. 21, 242 (1990).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published in Russian in Geotektonika, 2015, No. 2, pp. 3–35.
The article was translated by the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alexeiev, D.V., Biske, Y.S., Wang, B. et al. Tectono-Stratigraphic framework and Palaeozoic evolution of the Chinese South Tianshan. Geotecton. 49, 93–122 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852115020028
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852115020028