Fermionic order by disorder in a van der Waals antiferromagnet

Okuma, R.; Ueta, D.; Kuniyoshi, S.; Fujisawa, Y.; Smith, B.; Hsu, C. H.; Inagaki, Y.; Si, W.; Kawae, T.; Lin, H.; Chuang, F. C.; Masuda, T.; Kobayashi, R.; Okada, Y.

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72300-3

Fermionic order by disorder in a van der Waals antiferromagnet

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Published: 17 September 2020

Volume 10, article number 15311, (2020)
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Fermionic order by disorder in a van der Waals antiferromagnet

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R. Okuma¹,
D. Ueta¹,
S. Kuniyoshi^1,2,
Y. Fujisawa¹,
B. Smith¹,
C. H. Hsu^1,3,
Y. Inagaki⁴,
W. Si⁴,
T. Kawae⁴,
H. Lin⁵,
F. C. Chuang^3,6,
T. Masuda⁷,
R. Kobayashi² &
…
Y. Okada¹

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An Author Correction to this article was published on 20 February 2023

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Abstract

CeTe₃ is a unique platform to investigate the itinerant magnetism in a van der Waals (vdW) coupled metal. Despite chemical pressure being a promising route to boost quantum fluctuation in this system, a systematic study on the chemical pressure effect on Ce³⁺(4f¹) states is absent. Here, we report on the successful growth of a series of Se doped single crystals of CeTe₃. We found a fluctuation driven exotic magnetic rotation from the usual easy-axis ordering to an unusual hard-axis ordering. Unlike in localized magnetic systems, near-critical magnetism can increase itinerancy hand-in-hand with enhancing fluctuation of magnetism. Thus, seemingly unstable hard-axis ordering emerges through kinetic energy gain, with the self-consistent observation of enhanced magnetic fluctuation (disorder). As far as we recognize, this order-by-disorder process in fermionic system is observed for the first time within vdW materials. Our finding opens a unique experimental platform for direct visualization of the rich quasiparticle Fermi surface deformation associated with the Fermionic order-by-disorder process. Also, the search for emergent exotic phases by further tuning of quantum fluctuation is suggested as a promising future challenge.

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Introduction

In the search for interesting metallic states in quantum materials, controlling magnetic orientation, fluctuations, and their interaction with conduction electrons has been of utmost importance. Consequent exotic phases are rich, ranging from unconventional superconductivity^{1,2,3,Full size image}

Recently, CeSeTe₂ has been identified as a compound closely related to CeTe₃. In CeSeTe₂, Se²⁻ selectively substitutes into Te²⁻ sites in CeTe₃^32,33. Consistent with the chemical and structural similarity of CeSeTe₂ to CeTe₃ (Fig. 1a), a CDW transition and strongly easy-plane- like magnetism in the paramagnetic regime are observed in both materials³¹. In CeSeTe₂ however, the reported magnetism in the ordered state is consistent with a collinear structure pointing in the out-of-plane direction³¹, which is strongly unfavorable in the paramagnetic state. Thus, by defining the magnetic hard and easy axis/plane of the system based on its paramagnetic state, surprising hard-axis ordering is suggested to emerge in CeSeTe₂ below the antiferromagnetic phase transition. Despite this unusual direction of magnetic moment in the ordered state, no detailed measurements have been performed so far to elucidate the underlying mechanism.

To understand the origin of this peculiar hard-axis ordering, here we studied the effect of Se do** systematically through magnetization and heat capacity measurement of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂. We confirmed that addition of Se applies chemical pressure to Ce³⁺, which results in exotic reorientation of the magnetic moment through enhanced quantum fluctuation. In this report, we present that the presence of hard-axis ordering is representative of the fermionic order by disorder process, in which a seemingly unstable direction is stabilized through itinerant energy gain.

Results

Crystal growth of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂

Single crystals of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂ were grown via the flux method (See method for detail). This formula represents that Se²⁻ selectively replaces Te²⁻ in the magnetic blocking layer (Fig. 1a). Thus, Se²⁻ do** connects the two isostructural systems Ce³⁺ (Te²⁻)(Te^0.5−)₂ and Ce³⁺ (Se²⁻) (Te^0.5−)₂. Since the ionic radii of Se²⁻ and Te²⁻ are 1.98 Å and 2.21 Å, respectively³⁴, systematic control of chemical pressure becomes possible in Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂ through variation of the do** ratio. The single crystals of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂ present a plate-like morphology with shiny surfaces, reflecting the vdW coupling nature in our system (Fig. 1a). Figure 1b shows the do** evolution of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern around the (080) peak. Figure 1c shows the relationship of the lattice constant along the out-of-plane b axis and the Se/Te ratio x as determined by XRD and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), respectively. As predicted by Vegard’s law, the monotonic linear behavior of the shrinkage of lattice constant with do** suggests the systematic replacement of smaller ionic radii Se²⁻ into the larger ionic radii Te²⁻ sites. Similar monotonic shrinkage of the out of plane lattice constant by do** with elements with smaller ionic radii is also seen in another vdW misfit compounds such as Bi-based cuprates³⁴. In this study, using the obtained linear function, we calculated x from the out-of-plane lattice constant of the crystal flakes used for heat capacity and magnetic measurements.

Magnetic order in CeSeTe₂ and CeTe₃

We first present a significant difference in the magnetism and heat capacity behavior of CeTe₃ (Fig. 2a) and CeSeTe₂ (Fig. 2b), despite the common easy-plane feature in the paramagnetic regime. In Fig. 2a,b, magnetic susceptibility χ(T) and heat capacity C(T) are shown on the left and right axes, respectively. For the parent compound CeTe₃, we see two characteristic antiferromagnetism related transition temperatures T_N1 and T_N2. Only a broad peak is observed in C(T) around T_N1 while around T_N2 a sharp peak in C(T) accompanies stronger suppression of χ(T) along the in-plane (blue and red curves) than the out-of-plane (greed curve) direction. On the other hand, the doped system CeSeTe₂ features a single antiferromagnetic transition with a sharp peak at T_N3 in C(T) that accompanies stronger suppression of χ(T) along the out-of-plane (green curve) than the in-plane (blue and red curves) directions. Therefore, at the lowest temperature, the Néel vector points along the easy plane in CeTe₃, whereas it points along the hard axis in CeSeTe₂. This striking contrast is also evident from the suppression of susceptibility and spin flip and flop transitions (Fig. 2c,d) since they should appear along the Néel vector. Figure 2e is the experimentally determined magnetic hard axis and easy plane together with crystal axes. These directions are the same are the same for all samples shown in this study.

Quasi two-dimensional magnetism of CeSeTe₂ and CeTe₃

The ordering phenomena in Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂ based on localized spin picture are briefly discussed before we emphasize the importance of itinerancy. The magnetism of CeTe₃ and CeSeTe₂ is supposed to originate from highly two-dimensional interactions with XY-like and Ising-like anisotropy, respectively. In CeTe₃, the successive phase transitions associated with T_N1 and T_N2 are reminiscent of the 2D XY model perturbed by weak in-plane anisotropy³⁵. While two-dimensional XY-like interactions can support only quasi long-range order at a finite temperature, genuine long-range order can appear by nearly fourfold symmetric anisotropies at a lower temperature. This picture is presumably captured by the broad and sharp peaks T_N1 and T_N2, respectively. In contrast, Ising-type long-range-order in CeSeTe₂ can appear by breaking discrete Ising symmetry; here in-plane anisotropy plays no role in the magnetic ordering and a single transition has been observed. The abrupt suppression of χ(T) also reflects on the stability of the Ising-like collinear order. It should be noted that the observed collinear magnetism suggests that the Dzyaloshinski–Moriya (DM) interaction, which favors noncollinear spin arrangement regardless of anisotropy of the g factor, should play a minor role in the emergence of hard axis magnetic order. At this stage, it remains unclear why the effective interaction becomes Ising-like by do** even though the paramagnetic susceptibility remains XY-like. As we discuss hereafter, beyond the localized magnetic picture, kinetic energy gain plays a crucial role in explaining an essential part of our experimental observation.

Magnetic fluctuation of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂

If the ordering direction of CeSeTe₂ is actually unfavorable, we should observe self-consistent consequences of enlarged quantum fluctuation. To check this, we investigated the systematic do** dependence of the magnetic fluctuation of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂. 4f-electron derived entropy S(T) is estimated and plotted in Fig. 3a–f (right axis) based on the formula \(S(T) = \int_{0}^{T} {\frac{{C_{f} }}{T}dT}\). Here, C_f(T) is the heat capacity from the 4f electron contribution (See method for detail). We further calculate magnetic entropy S_m for S(T_N1) and S(T_N3) as x < 0.54 and x > 0.54, respectively. Based on a fully localized picture, S_m should asymptotically approach Rln2 (~ 5.76 JK⁻¹ mol⁻¹). This value is simply derived from the ground state doublet of Ce³⁺ ions under the crystalline electric field. Thus, 1 − S_m/Rln2 can be taken as the measure of the strength of magnetic fluctuation for a given magnetic order.

Evolution of magnetic fluctuation by do**

By constructing a phase diagram, a correlation exists between enhanced magnetic fluctuation and emergent hard-axis moment. Figure 4a represents the phase diagram with three characteristic temperatures (left axis) together with 1 − S_m/Rln2 (right axis). With increasing do** x, T_N1 and T_N2 are systematically decreased for x < 0.54. Above x = 0.54, we see only one transition temperature T_N3. Therefore, combining magnetic measurements for CeTe₃ (Fig. 2a) and CeSeTe₂ (Fig. 2b), a first-order magnetic transition is expected to exist near x = 0.54, across which the direction of magnetic moment abruptly changes from the easy plane to the hard axis. The enhancement of 1 − S_m/Rln2 towards the first-order transition point is partly due to the chemical disorder effect since chemical entropy naturally reaches a maximum at x = 0.5 in our alloyed system. As a consequence, chemical disorder may contribute to a slight increase in 1 − S_m/Rln2 with do** levels above x = 0.54 (Fig. 4a). However, we emphasize that the values 1 − S_m/Rln2 for two nearly stoichiometric samples with x = 0 and x = 0.96 are 0.25 and 0.36, respectively. Based on these values, the magnetic fluctuation of stoichiometric CeSeTe₂ is expected to be ~ 1.4 times larger than that of the parent compound CeTe₃. Therefore, the key feature to be captured in the phase diagram is an emergent hard-axis moment with a monotonic enhancement of magnetic fluctuation.

Discussion

We propose the possible mechanism leading to emergent hard axis ordering in terms of fermionic order by disorder in itinerant systems^36,37. Our observation is that the change in chemical pressure enhanced the magnetic quantum fluctuation and altered the direction of Néel vector to the apparent “hard axis”. This implies that magnetic quantum fluctuation itself drives the hard-axis ordering as in the case of “order by disorder” in frustrated magnets³⁸. The relevant quantum fluctuation is unlikely to be Kondo screening in our case because a similar magnitude of saturated magnetic moment along the easy-axis with do** was observed experimentally (Fig. 2c,d). Instead, we propose that the enhanced magnetic fluctuation is a spin-wave excitation, which is the primary fluctuation from the magnetically ordered state. An important point to note is that the spin-wave excitation is a transverse fluctuation. Since the transverse direction from the hard axis is on the easy plane, hard-axis order can fluctuate more easily than easy-plane order. We surmise that the hard-axis order becomes favorable when chemical pressure further enhances quantum fluctuation of localized spin through Kondo coupling.

Compared to localized frustrated magnets, fermionic order by disorder requires kinetic energy gain of electrons in addition to transverse spin fluctuation (Fig. 4b). Such physics is directly captured by investigating electronic quasiparticle band deformation to lower the total energy of the system. This concept is consistent with the Fermionic order-by-disorder process, as predicted theoretically^36,37. Regardless of theoretical proposals, however, experimental direct visualization of quasi-particle band deformation has been missing due to the lack of proper materials to investigate with high resolution. Compared with materials in existing studies such as YbRh₂Si₂, YbNi₄P₂, and CeT₂Al₁₀ (T = Ru, Os)^{39,40,41,42,43,44,45} the intrinsically cleavable nature and simple composite structure of our vdW material offers an excellent platform for unveiling rich quasiparticle band deformation using surface sensitive spectroscopies with changing external magnetic field, its orientation and temperature. In addition, inherent applicability of advanced exfoliation techniques⁴⁶ will further enrich future challenges in searching for novel quantum phenomena.

In summary, we show magnetic fluctuation driven unusual magnetic rotation from the usual easy plane to unusual hard axis moment across the magnetic phase transition. As far as we recognize, this is the first report of the order-by-disorder process in fermionic system in a vdW coupled antiferromagnet, which opens various unique research directions for the future.

Methods

Synthesis of monocrystalline Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂

Single crystals of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂ are grown using self-flux method. The mixture of the elemental powder of cerium (99.9%), selenium (99.999%), and tellurium (99.999%) in a molar ratio of 1:2x/3:40-2x/3 was placed inside the alumina crucible and sealed in an evacuated quartz tube. The ampoule was heated to 900 °C at a rate of 75 °C/hour, kept at 900 °C for 24 h, and then slowly cooled down to 550 °C at a rate of 2 °C/hour followed by centrifugation to remove crystals from the melt.

Magnetization and heat capacity measurement

DC magnetization and heat capacity were measured using a Magnetic Property Measurement System (Quantum Design) with a 3He insert⁴⁷ and a Physical Property Measurement System PPMS (Quantum Design) with a 3He insert, respectively.

Estimation of magnetic heat capacity

We extracted the magnetic fluctuation strength from heat capacity C(T) (Fig. 3a–f left axis) based on the method described as follows. To obtain the 4f electron contribution C_f(T), first we subtract C(T) of LaTe₃ from that of Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂. This subtraction relies on the assumption that phonon and electronic contributions not arising from the 4f electrons are the same between LaTe₃ and Ce(Se_xTe_1−x)Te₂ (see supplemental information). From comparison, the specific heat is dominated by 4f electron derived signal, and phonon subtraction is a minor correction within the main purpose of this study. Using the obtained C_f(T), Here, we set C_f(0) = 0 to calculate S(T). This assumption is physically not exactly accurate since heat capacity is finite due to itinerant 4f-electron nature; It does not however have a large impact within the purpose of extracting magnetic entropy since electronic contribution relative to magnetic contribution is much lower.

Data availability

The datasets collected and analysis performed by this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Change history

20 February 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29760-0

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Acknowledgements

The cell structure was visualized using VESTA⁴⁸. Heat capacity measurements were carried out under the Visiting Researcher’s Program of Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo. We thank S. Asai and S. Hasegawa for hel** with heat capacity measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

Quantum Materials Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
R. Okuma, D. Ueta, S. Kuniyoshi, Y. Fujisawa, B. Smith, C. H. Hsu & Y. Okada
Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
S. Kuniyoshi & R. Kobayashi
Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
C. H. Hsu & F. C. Chuang
Department of Applied Quantum Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
Y. Inagaki, W. Si & T. Kawae
Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
H. Lin
Physics Division, The National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
F. C. Chuang
Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
T. Masuda

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R. Okuma
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D. Ueta
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T. Masuda
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Contributions

Y. O. and R. K. conceived this project. D. U, S. K., Y. F., R. K., Y. O., B. S., Y. I., W. S., T. M., and T. K. corrected experimental data. C. H., H. L., and F. C., theoretically considered electronic structure. R. O. and Y. O. interpret the data. Y. O., R. O., and B. S. wrote the manuscript. We all discussed.

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Correspondence to Y. Okada.

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Okuma, R., Ueta, D., Kuniyoshi, S. et al. Fermionic order by disorder in a van der Waals antiferromagnet. Sci Rep 10, 15311 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72300-3

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Received: 10 April 2020
Accepted: 27 July 2020
Published: 17 September 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72300-3
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