Abstract
Our objectives were to examine the species composition and diversity of soil seed bank (SSB) and standing vegetation (SV), explore association between compositional diversity of SV, SSB and selected environmental factors and assess the implications of SSB on regeneration of flooded riparian vegetation in Hamedan province, Iran. We estimated the ground cover of SV and SSB composition in 90 plots (1 m × 1 m) distributed across 15 sites in the river riparian zone. We evaluated the SSB by seedling emergence method. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used in a direct gradient analysis of the SV/SSB with the environmental factors. In total, 136 species were identified from germinated seed bank in the greenhouse and there were 131 plant species recorded in the aboveground vegetation. 31 species were observed in the SSB while they were absent in the SV, while there were also 26 species that were only present in the SV. Dominant species in the SSB were floatable seed species, i.e. Cyperus difformis and Dactylis glomerata. In addition, the results indicated a more pronounced effect of environmental factors on SV than on SSB distributions in which a higher number of environmental factors associated significantly with SV than with SSB (6 vs. 4). However, elevation, soil moisture content and total organic matter had significant effects on community distribution of both SSB and SV. The species diversity and composition evenness were significantly higher in the SSB than SV. Although, 105 species were common to SSB and SV, the mean Czekanowski similarity between SV and SSB was very low (15.5%). However, we argue that the recovery of vegetation in degraded sites can still rely on SSB. We concluded that the seed movement among plant communities through hydrochory led to a spatial homogenization of SSB, resulting in a decrease in SSB-SV similarity and an increase in SSB species diversity and compositional evenness. Differences in plant diversity and richness between the SSB and the SV are supposed to be a complementation of diversity between below- and above-ground and therefore, greater community resilience is predicted under stochastic disturbance events such as flooding in the riparian area.
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1
Average percentage cover of species in the standing vegetation and soil seed bank density per m2 together with family names, life spans and life forms information. P: perennial, A: annual, B: biennial, T: tree, F: forb, G: grass, S: shrub
Species names | Family | Life span | Life form | Soil seed bank | Standing vegetation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer negundo | Sapindaceae | P | T | 2.83 | 0.02 |
Achillea aleppica | Asteraceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.04 |
Adiantum capillus | Adiantaceae | P | F | 1.70 | 0.09 |
Aegilops tauschii | Gramineae | A | G | 14.72 | 0.20 |
Aegilops trioncialis | Gramineae | A | G | 8.49 | 0.51 |
Agropyron trichophorum | Gramineae | P | G | 9.63 | 2.88 |
Alhagi camelorum | Fabaceae | P | S | 0.00 | 1.34 |
Allium ampeloprasum | Amaryllidaceae | A | F | 11.32 | 0.04 |
Alopecurus mucronatus | Gramineae | P | S | 2.26 | 0.07 |
Alopecurus myosuroides | Gramineae | A | S | 52.66 | 1.28 |
Alysum desertorum | Crucifereae | A | F | 2.83 | 0.13 |
Amaranthus blitoides | Amaranthaceae | A | F | 9.06 | 0.05 |
Amaranthus viridis | Amaranthaceae | A | F | 24.91 | 0.00 |
Anchusa italica | Boraginaceae | A | F | 2.26 | 0.07 |
Anthemis repens | Asteraceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Asperula arvensis | Rubiaceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Astragalus trachyacanthus | Fabaceae | P | S | 0.00 | 0.13 |
Astragalus gossypinus | Fabaceae | P | S | 2.26 | 1.50 |
Avena fatua | Gramineae | A | G | 5.66 | 0.58 |
Boissiera squarrosa | Gramineae | A | G | 23.78 | 0.22 |
Bothriochloa ischaemum | Gramineae | P | G | 0.00 | 0.08 |
Brachypodium sylvaticum | Gramineae | P | G | 5.66 | 0.00 |
Brassica napus | Cruciferae | A | F | 10.19 | 0.01 |
Bromus danthonia | Gramineae | A | G | 27.74 | 0.65 |
Bromus sterilis | Gramineae | B | F | 14.16 | 0.02 |
Bromus tectorum | Gramineae | A | G | 54.36 | 2.79 |
Bromus tomentosus | Gramineae | P | G | 27.18 | 1.04 |
Bunium persicum | Umbellifereae | P | F | 6.23 | 0.31 |
Capsella bursa-pastoris | Cruciferae | A | F | 2.83 | 0.04 |
Cardaria draba | Cruciferae- | P | F | 0.00 | 0.05 |
Carthamus oxyacantha | Asteraceae | P | F | 7.93 | 0.06 |
Catabrosa aquatica | Gramineae | P | F | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Centaurea behen | Asteraceae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.04 |
Centaurea persica | Asteraceae | P | F | 4.53 | 1.57 |
Centaurea solstitialis | Asteraceae | A | F | 0.57 | 0.02 |
Cerastium dichotomum | Caryophylaceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.02 |
Chaerophyllum macropodum | Apiaceae | P | F | 9.06 | 0.47 |
Chenopodium album | Chenopodiaceae | A | F | 7.36 | 0.05 |
Chenopodium murale | Chenopodiaceae | A | F | 6.79 | 0.09 |
Cichorium intybus | Asteraceae | A | F | 22.08 | 1.61 |
Cirsium arvense | Asteraceae | P | F | 7.93 | 0.61 |
Convolus arvensis | Convolvulaceae | P | F | 2.26 | 0.46 |
Coronilla varia | Fabaceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Cousinia cylindracea | Asteraceae | A | F | 0.57 | 0.15 |
Crataegus pointica | Rosaceae | P | S | 0.57 | 0.02 |
Crataegus pseudoheterophylla | Rosaceae | P | S | 1.70 | 0.15 |
Crozophora tinctoria | Euphorbiaceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.01 |
Cynodon dactylon | Gramineae | P | G | 53.79 | 8.42 |
Cyperus difformis | Cyperaceae | A | F | 167.36 | 2.06 |
Cyperus fuscus | Cyperaceae | A | F | 58.89 | 0.01 |
Dactylis glomerata | Gramineae | P | G | 65.12 | 3.73 |
Daphne macrantha | Thymelaeaceae | P | S | 1.70 | 0.01 |
Datura stramonium | Solanaceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Digitaria ciliaris | Gramineae | A | G | 8.49 | 0.02 |
Diplotaxis muralis | Cruciferae | P or A | F | 3.40 | 0.00 |
Ducrosia anethifolia | Apiaceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.12 |
Echinops ecbatanus | Asteraceae | P | F | 2.26 | 0.84 |
Echinops orientalis | Asteraceae | P | F | 1.70 | 0.33 |
Equisetum ramosissimum | Equisetaceae | A | F | 0.57 | 0.30 |
Equisetum arvense | Equisetaceae | P | F | 13.59 | 0.16 |
Eryngium billardieri | Apiaceae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.04 |
Eryngium canadensis | Apiaceae | P | F | 2.83 | 0.00 |
Eryngium thyrsoideum | Apiaceae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.01 |
Eryngium variifolium | Apiaceae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.09 |
Euphorbia aucheri | Euphorbiaceae | A | F | 1.13 | 0.01 |
Euphorbia boissieriana | Euphorbiaceae | P | F | 2.83 | 0.11 |
Euphorbia cheiradenia | Euphorbiaceae | P | F | 7.93 | 0.17 |
Falcaria vulgaris | Apiaceae | B | F | 0.57 | 0.69 |
Ferula microcolea | Apiaceae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.44 |
Festuca arundinaceae | Gramineae | P | G | 8.49 | 0.88 |
Festuca ovina | Gramineae | P | G | 10.76 | 0.73 |
Galium aparine | Rubiaceae | P | F | 37.94 | 1.09 |
Galium verum | Rubiaceae | P | F | 1.70 | 2.28 |
Glycyrrhiza glabra | Fabaceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.26 |
Gundelia tornifortii | Asteraceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.47 |
Gypsophila elegans | Caryophylaceae | P | S | 0.00 | 0.67 |
Helianthemum salicifolium | Cistaceae | B | F | 9.06 | 0.47 |
Henrardia persica | Gramineae | A | G | 1.13 | 0.33 |
Heptaptera anisoptera | Apiaceae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.18 |
Hordeum bulbosum | Gramineae | P | G | 18.69 | 2.11 |
Hordeum marinum | Gramineae | A | G | 0.57 | 1.52 |
Hypericum perforatum | Hypericaceae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.01 |
Inula britannica | Asteraceae | B | F | 7.36 | 0.00 |
Isatis cappadocica | Cruciferae | A | F | 10.76 | 0.17 |
Ixiolirion tataricum | Amaryllidaceae | P | F | 21.52 | 0.00 |
Juncus inflexus | Juncaceae | P | G | 54.92 | 1.73 |
Lactuca hirsuta | Asteraceae | B | F | 33.97 | 0.00 |
Lactuca orientalis | Asteraceae | P | F | 1.13 | 0.21 |
Lactuca serriola | Asteraceae | B | F | 6.79 | 0.28 |
Lamium amplexicaule | Labiatae | P | F | 2.83 | 0.00 |
Leontodon taraxacoides | Asteraceae | P | F | 3.96 | 0.00 |
Lepidium draba | Cruciferae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.00 |
Leucopoa sclerophylla | Gramineae | P | G | 6.23 | 0.00 |
Libanotis transcaucasica | Umbelliferae | P | F | 3.96 | 0.00 |
Lolium rigidum | Gramineae | A | G | 33.97 | 1.61 |
Lotus gebelia | Fabaceae | P | F | 44.17 | 1.14 |
Malva sylvestris | Malvaceae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.06 |
Marrubium astracanicum | Labiatae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.08 |
Medicago orbicularis | Fabaceae | P | F | 13.02 | 0.03 |
Medicago sativa | Fabaceae | P | F | 10.19 | 0.12 |
Melilotus officinalis | Fabaceae | P | F | 3.40 | 0.19 |
Mentha aquatica | Labiatae | P | F | 66.25 | 0.02 |
Mentha longifolia | Labiatae | P | F | 29.44 | 0.06 |
Mentha pulegium | Labiatae | P | F | 17.55 | 0.19 |
Morus alba | Moraceae | P | T | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Nasturtium officinale | Cruciferae | P | F | 13.59 | 0.00 |
Noaea mucronata | Chenopodiaceae | P | S | 2.26 | 0.08 |
Ocimum basilicum | Labiatae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.59 |
Phalaris paradoxa | Gramineae | A | G | 11.32 | 0.16 |
Phleum exaratum | Gramineae | A | G | 12.46 | 0.34 |
Phlomis Kurdica | Labiatae | P | S | 3.96 | 0.18 |
Phlomis olivieri | Labiatae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.34 |
Phragmetis australis | Gramineae | P | G | 20.38 | 1.56 |
Plantago lanceolata | Plantaginaceae | P | S | 7.36 | 0.00 |
Plantago major | Plantaginaceae | P | S | 23.22 | 0.12 |
Poa bulbosa | Gramineae | P | G | 7.44 | 3.99 |
Poa pratensis | Gramineae | P | G | 8.49 | 0.94 |
Poa trivialis | Gramineae | P | G | 2.83 | 0.37 |
Polygonum alpestre | Polygonaceae | P | F | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Polygonum patulum | Polygonaceae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.06 |
Polygonum thymifolium | Polygonaceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.02 |
Populus nigra | Salicaceae | P | T | 2.26 | 0.00 |
Portulaca oleracea | Caryophylaceae | A | F | 10.19 | 0.00 |
Potentilla reptans | Rosaceae | P | F | 14.16 | 1.26 |
Prunus armeniaca | Rosaceae | P | T | 3.96 | 0.00 |
Prunus avium | Rosaceae | P | T | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Prunus divaricacta | Rosaceae | P | T | 0.57 | 0.08 |
Quercus brantii | Fagaceae | P | T | 0.57 | 0.51 |
Rheum ribes | Polygonaceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.02 |
Rubus sanctus | Rosaceae | P | S | 1.70 | 0.84 |
Salix alba | Salicaceae | P | T | 0.00 | 0.06 |
Salvia acetabolosa | Labiatae | P | S | 1.13 | 0.11 |
Salvia syriaca | Labiatae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.20 |
Sanguisorba minor | Rosaceae | A | F | 16.99 | 0.79 |
Scabiosa rotate | Dipsacoideae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.02 |
Scariola orientalis | Asteraceae | P | F | 3.96 | 0.01 |
Scorzonera pseudolanata | Asteraceae | A | F | 9.63 | 0.01 |
Scrophularia variegata | Scrophulariaceae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Senecio vernalis | Asteraceae | A | F | 0.00 | 0.03 |
Silene swertifolia | Caryophylaceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.01 |
Solanum nigrum | Solanaceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Sonchus oleraceus | Asteraceae | A | F | 1.70 | 0.00 |
Stachys inflata | Labiatae | P | F | 0.00 | 0.07 |
Stipa barbata | Gramineae | P | G | 0.00 | 0.43 |
Symphytum tuberosum | Boraginaceae | P | F | 1.13 | 0.00 |
Taeniatherum crinitum | Gramineae | A | G | 13.02 | 2.26 |
Tamarix sp. | Tamaricaceae | P | S | 5.66 | 0.00 |
Taraxicum officinale | Asteraceae | P | F | 2.83 | 0.18 |
Tragopogon longirostris | Asteraceae | P | F | 0.57 | 0.06 |
Trifolium campestre | Fabaceae | A | F | 5.66 | 0.00 |
Trifolium repens | Fabaceae | P | F | 8.49 | 0.32 |
Tulipa montana | Liliaceae | A | F | 9.63 | 0.00 |
Typha persica | Gramineae | P | G | 1.13 | 0.12 |
Ulmus minor | Ulmaceae | P | T | 2.26 | 0.10 |
Valiantia hispida | Rubiaceae | A | F | 15.29 | 0.01 |
Verbena officinalis | Verbenaceaea | P | F | 1.13 | 0.00 |
Veronica persica | Scrophulariaceae | A | F | 8.49 | 0.00 |
Vicia variabilis | Fabaceae | A | F | 13.02 | 0.05 |
Viola canina | Violaceae | A | F | 4.53 | 0.04 |
Vitis sp. | Vitaceae | P | S | 1.13 | 0.10 |
Xanthium strumarium | Asteraceae | A | F | 1.13 | 0.00 |
Zizphora tenuior | Labiatae | A | F | 0.57 | 0.01 |
Zoegea leptaurea | Asteraceae | P | F | 3.96 | 0.81 |
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Kesbi, M.A., Erfanzadeh, R. & Fattahi, B. Similarity between soil seed bank and standing vegetation and their relationship with soil and topographical characteristics in a riparian zone. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 25, 89–101 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-023-00180-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-023-00180-4