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Review on Flight Control Law Technologies of Fighter Jets for Flying Qualities

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Abstract

Since the 1970s, designing flight control laws to ensure good flying qualities and increase mission efficiency has been an issue for many years. This is still regarded as a core technology challenge in aircraft development. When a fly-by-wire flight control system (FBW FCS) technology was adopted to the aircraft, the classical control technique in the form of single-input single-output (SISO) type was applied in early years. Meanwhile, a modern control theory tied with classical control in the form of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) such as eigenstructure assignment (EA) was recently applied, and the nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI) has been also applied to the highly maneuverable fighters. In this paper, we identify major technologies such as aerodynamics, control stick and sensors, including flight control technologies which have been applied to the production fighter aircrafts so far, and analyze the trend of development of control law technologies. To the extent of education, these reviews regarding the prospects on flight control technologies would be most helpful to engineering.

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Data availability

Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are proprietary or confidential in nature and may only be provided with restrictions.

Notes

  1. David, B., How the F-16 Became the World’s First Fly-By-Wire Combat Airplane, 2009. http://www.f-16.net/articles_article13.html.

  2. L. Cloer, What Is Fly-By-Wire? Nov 1, 2014. https://duotechservices.com/what-is-fly-by-wire.

Abbreviations

\(\alpha \) :

Angle of attack (°)

\(\beta \) :

Angle of sideslip (°)

\({C}_{{l}_{\beta }}\) :

Dihedral effect derivatives

\({C}_{{n}_{\beta }}\) :

Kinematics, directional stability derivatives

\({C}_{{n}_{\beta \mathrm{dyn}}}\) :

Directional control departure parameter of the stability axis

\(\delta \) :

Control surface deflection (°)

\({I}_{ii}\) :

Principal moment of inertia (slug-ft2) (\(i=x, y, z\))

\({N}_{n}\) :

Normal acceleration (g)

\({N}_{z}\) :

Body-axis normal load factor (g)

\({P}_{\mathrm{B}}\) :

Body-axis roll rate (°/s)

\(Q\) :

Dynamic pressure (lb/ft2)

\({R}_{\mathrm{b}}\) :

Body-axis yaw rate (°/s)

\({R}_{\mathrm{s}}\) :

Stability-axis yaw rate (°/s)

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to deliver their sincere thanks to the editors and anonymous reviewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Flight Control Law Team, Korea Aerospace Industries, Ltd., 78, Gongdan 1-ro, Sanam-myeon, Sacheon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52529, Republic of Korea

    Chongsup Kim, Changho Ji, Giok Koh & Nagsun Choi

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  1. Chongsup Kim
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  2. Changho Ji
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  3. Giok Koh
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Correspondence to Chongsup Kim.

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Appendix

Appendix

List of acronyms

AC:

Aerodynamic center

ACLS:

Automatic carrier landing system

ADS:

Air data system

AGCAS:

Automatic ground collision avoidance system

AIS:

Active inceptor system

ALSR:

Automatic low speed recovery

AoA:

Angle-of-attack

AoS:

Angle-of-sideslip

APC:

Aircraft-pilot-coupling

APR:

Automatic pitch rocker

ATC:

Automatic throttle control

ATF:

Advanced tactical fighter

ATF:

Automatic terrain following

BAe:

British aerospace

CA:

Control allocation

CG:

Center of gravity

CHR:

Cooper-harper rating

CONDUIT:

Control designer’s unified interface

CV:

Carrier-version

DFBW FCS:

Digital fly-by-wire flight control system

DLR:

German aerospace center

DOF:

Degree of freedom

DPIA:

Differential proportional plus integral algorithm

EA:

Eigenstructure assignment

EB:

Effector blender

EMD:

Engineering and manufacturing development

FCSDVP:

Flight control system design and verification process

FLCC:

Flight control computer

FMET:

Failure modes and effects test

FMS:

Fuel management system

IMFP:

Integrated multi-function probe

GUI:

Graphic user interface

HARV:

High angle-of-attack research vehicle

HILS:

Hardware in-the-loop simulator

HQ:

Handling qualities

HUD:

Head up display

IMU:

Inertial measurement unit

JSF:

Joint strike fighter

LEF/TEF:

Leading- and trailing-edge flap

LEX:

Leading-edge extension

LOES:

Low order equivalent system

LQ:

Linear quadratic

LRU:

Line replaceable unit

LSW:

Low speed warning

MBD:

Model-based design

MIMO:

Multi-input multi-output

MPO:

Manual pitch override

MTE:

Mission task element

NASA:

National aeronautics and space administration

NDI:

Nonlinear dynamic inversion

NLR:

Netherlands aerospace centre

NRE:

Non-recurring engineering

OBM:

On-board model

OFE:

Operational flight envelope

OFP:

Operational flight program

PA:

Power approach

PARS:

Pilot activated recovery system

PIO:

Pilot-in-the-loop oscillation

R&D:

Research and development

RCL:

Roll rate command limiter

RESTORE:

Reconfigurable control for tailless aircraft

ROC:

Requirement of customer

RSS:

Relaxed static stability

S&C:

Stability and control

SB:

Speed brake

SCF:

Structural coupling filter

SCT:

Structural coupling test

SDD:

System development and demonstration

SDT:

Slow down turn

SISO:

Single-input single output

STOVL:

Short take-off/vertical landing

TNS:

Tactical navigation system

TVC:

Thrust vectoring control

UA:

Up and away

VAAC:

Vectored thrust aircraft advanced control

UCE:

Useable cue environment

VMS:

Vehicle management system

WBD:

Weapon bay door

LO:

Low observability

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Kim, C., Ji, C., Koh, G. et al. Review on Flight Control Law Technologies of Fighter Jets for Flying Qualities. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 24, 209–236 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-022-00560-6

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