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Seasonal Variation of Mass Concentration and Chemical Composition of PM2.5 and PM10, Source Identification and Human Health Risk Assessment in Meknes City in Morocco

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Abstract

In this work, we are interested in the characterization, identification of the sources and seasonal variation of airborne particles in suspension and their chemical compositions as well as their human health risk assessment in Meknes city in Morocco. For this, samples were taken with Gent sampler, making it possible to separate the coarse fractions (PM10) from the fine fractions (PM2.5). The particles were collected, for a year in the city center in Meknes–Morocco, near the highways with very important automobile traffic and not far from the rail traffic. The concentrations of eight elements (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb and Zn) were analyzed using Total Reflection X Rays Fluorescence (TXRF). Some filters were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to the Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM–EDS). The statistical approach to pollution sources is carried out by the application of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The results obtained for particulate matter show the importance of terrigenous inputs and soil resuspension, especially in July and August when the coarse fraction reaches the highest levels (increased wind erosion of the soil). European quality standards and WHO recommendations have also been exceeded. While for the chemical composition, the seasonal variations are not significant. It is also noted that the Pb contents are higher than the quality standards. Regarding the sources of pollution, the application of PMF and SEM–EDS show the influence of three major sources: mineral emissions (cement industry), mix of re-suspended soil particles and road traffic and rail traffic. Health risk assessments revealed that non-cancerous hazards were lower than the acceptable level (< 1), hence no significant risk is expected, while, the cancer risk was higher than the acceptable level (10–6) particularly for Cr. In addition, mortality risk for PM2.5 and PM10 were higher due to higher ambient concentrations measured in Meknes city.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Integrated Franco-Moroccan Volubilis Action (AI MA/05/129). We would like to thank all the people who contributed to the realization of this work, in particular, H. Esskate (CTM Agency, Meknes-Morocco) and A. Echaachouai (Middle School Allal El Fassi, Meknes-Morocco).

Funding

This work was supported by the Integrated Franco-Moroccan Volubilis Action (AI MA/05/129).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Center for Energy, Sciences and Nuclear Techniques (CNESTEN), B.P.1382 R.P., 10001, Rabat, Morocco

    Hasna Ait Bouh, Moussa Bounakhla & Mounia Tahri

  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismaïl University, Meknes, Morocco

    Fouad Benyaich & Salim Foudeil

  3. European Centre for Research and Teaching of Environmental Sciences (CEREGE), Aix en Provence, France

    Yves Noack

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All authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content; furthermore, each author certifies that this material or similar material has not been and will not be submitted to or published in any other country. HAB: processed the experimental data, formal analysis, Writing—original draft, writing review and editing, investigation, visualization, validation. MB, FB and YN: funding acquisition, supervision, designed and directed the project. MT: carried out the X-ray analysis. SF: contributed to sample collection. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript.

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Bouh, H.A., Bounakhla, M., Benyaich, F. et al. Seasonal Variation of Mass Concentration and Chemical Composition of PM2.5 and PM10, Source Identification and Human Health Risk Assessment in Meknes City in Morocco. Aerosol Sci Eng 7, 151–168 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-022-00169-y

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