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Taphonomy, ichnology, and palaeoecology to distinguish event beds in varied shallow-water settings (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain)

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Abstract

The recognition of event beds is of paramount importance to reconstruct palaeoenvironments and to determine palaeoecological parameters. Tortonian and Tyrrhenian deposits have been studied in the Cabo de la Huerta section (Alicante, Southeastern Spain), where both open-platform and coastal deposits crop out. In the absence of sedimentary structures, we carried out ichnological, taphonomic, and palaeoecological analyses to determine the main processes involved in the material’s sedimentation. The Tortonian beds are made up of interbedded fine-grained and coarse-grained calcarenites. Event beds are mainly signalled by the presence of Ophiomorpha nodosa in coarse-grained calcarenites, typically produced by opportunistic crustaceans just after sedimentation. Background sedimentation is represented by fine-grained calcarenites without well-preserved burrows due to the soupy consistency of the substrate. The alternance of burrow-rich and burrow-poor beds reveals a decreasing-upward frequency of storm events pointing out a deepening-upward trend. The Tyrrhenian material records a regression from a sandy beach environment to a continental backshore. A thick skeletal concentration of resedimented shells from different habitats and with different residence times on the substrate was found between the beach and backshore deposits. Its features make it recognizable as a major storm deposit where a census assemblage is mixed together with a time-averaged one. Integrated palaeontological analysis is shown to be an excellent tool in diverse environmental settings in order to differentiate event beds, in particular where clear sedimentological criteria are not available.

Resumen

El reconocimiento de eventos sedimentarios es de gran importancia al reconstruir paleoambientes y determinar parámetros paleoecológicos. En la sección del Cabo de la Huerta (Alicante, Sureste de España) afloran materiales de edad Tortoniense y Tirreniense que representan, respectivamente, paleoambientes de plataforma abierta y costeros. Debido a la ausencia de claras estructuras sedimentarias, para determinar los procesos sedimentarios implicados en la formación de los depósitos, dicha sección se ha analizado desde el punto de vista icnológico, tafonómico y paleoecológico. En el tramo Tortoniense se alternan capas de calcarenitas diferenciadas por su heterogeneidad granulométrica. Las condiciones de background quedan registradas en las calcarenitas de grano más fino, donde la ausencia de pistas se justifica principalmente por la menor consistencia del fondo. Los eventos sedimentarios están marcados por abundantes y complejos retículos de Ophiomorpha nodosa en los niveles de calcarenitas de grano grueso. Estos niveles se hacen menos frecuentes desde la base hacia el techo de la serie, marcando así una tendencia transgresiva. El material Tirreniense representa una secuencia regresiva desde el foreshore hasta el backshore. Entre los depósitos de playa y la zona emergida se encuentra un potente nivel conglomerático, caracterizado por la abundancia de bioclastos resedimentados y con diferentes tiempos de exposición en el sustrato. Su variabilidad tafonómica y la mezcla de bioclastos de distintas profundidades y tipos de fondo permiten interpretar este nivel como un evento de tormenta especialmente enérgico, que ha resedimentado el material en la parte superior del foreshore. El análisis paleontológico integrado demuestra así ser una excelente herramienta en distintos contextos paleoambientales, permitiendo diferenciar y caracterizar eventos sedimentarios, especialmente aquellos donde la escasez de estructuras sedimentarias no permite aplicar criterios sedimentológicos.

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Fig. 1

Geological map modified from Pina and Cano 2004

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the project CGL2015-66835-P, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MINECO, Government of Spain). We also gratefully acknowledge two anonymous reviewers and the associated editor C. Braga for their valuable comments and constructive reviews. We thank Christine Laurin for editing the English text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain

    A. Giannetti, S. Falces-Delgado & H. Corbí

  2. Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Universitá di Perugia, Piazza dell’Universitá 1, 06100, Perugia, Italy

    P. Monaco & F. G. La Iacona

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  1. A. Giannetti
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  2. P. Monaco
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  3. S. Falces-Delgado
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  4. F. G. La Iacona
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  5. H. Corbí
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Correspondence to A. Giannetti.

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Giannetti, A., Monaco, P., Falces-Delgado, S. et al. Taphonomy, ichnology, and palaeoecology to distinguish event beds in varied shallow-water settings (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain). J Iber Geol 45, 47–61 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-018-0094-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-018-0094-y

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