Abstract
In this work, water cooling, air cooling (AC) and furnace cooling (FC) were applied to investigate the effect of cooling rate on microstructure evolution of primary γ′ in a newly designed Ni3Al-based alloy. The results showed that nucleation rate of primary γ′ increased with increasing cooling rate. In addition, higher cooling rate shortened growth period of primary γ′, which made its morphology close to the initial precipitated γ′. For AC and FC specimens, due to the lower cooling rate, primary γ′ possessed longer growth period and its morphology was mainly due to the evolution of lattice misfit between γ and primary γ′. Meanwhile, growth of primary γ′ depended on lattice misfit distribution between its corner and edge area. Moreover, primary γ′ morphologies of sphere, cube and concave cube with tip corners were illustrated by considering interaction between elemental diffusion and elastic strain energy.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig1_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig2_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig3_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40195-020-01105-0/MediaObjects/40195_2020_1105_Fig12_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Walter, B. Hallstedt, N. Warnken, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 397, 385 (2005)
X. Su, Q. Xu, R. Wang, Z. Xu, S. Liu, B. Liu, Mater. Des. 141, 296 (2018)
H. Long, Y. Liu, D. Kong, H. Wei, Y. Chen, S. Mao, J. Alloys Compd. 724, 287 (2017)
O.A. Ojo, R.G. Ding, M.C. Chaturvedi, Intermetallics 16, 188 (2008)
J. Ding, S. Jiang, Y. Li, Y. Wu, J. Wu, Y. Peng, X. He, X. **a, C. Li, Y. Liu, Intermetallics 98, 28 (2018)
C. Ai, J. Zhou, S. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Pei, S. Gong, J. Alloys Compd. 660, 159 (2016)
M.N. Samani, A. Shokuhfar, A.R. Kamali, M. Hadi, J. Alloys Compd. 500, 30 (2010)
P. Jozwik, W. Polkowski, Z. Bojar, Materials (Basel) 8, 2537 (2015)
J. Gayda, T.P. Gabb, P.T. Kantzos, in Proceedings of the Superalloy 2004, ed. by K.A. Green, et al. (Champion, 2004), p. 323
R.J. Mitchell, M. Hardy, M. Preuss, S. Tin, in Proceedings of the Superalloy 2004, ed. by K.A. Green, et al. (Champion, 2004), p. 361
J. Lapin, Intermetallics 5, 615 (1997)
M. Krasnowski, A. Antolak, T. Kulik, J. Alloys Compd. 434–435, 344 (2007)
D.A. Porter, K.E. Easterling (eds.), Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys (Chapman Hall, London, 1992)
A.G. Khachaturyan, S.V. Semenovskaya, J.W. Morris, Acta Metall. 36, 1563 (1988)
Y. Chen, R. Prasath, T.J.A. Slater, M. Bai, R. Mitchell, O. Ciuca, M. Preuss, S.J. Haigh, Acta Mater. 110, 295 (2016)
L. Luo, Y. Ma, S. Li, Y. Pei, L. Qin, S. Gong, Intermetallics 99, 18 (2018)
F.L.R. Tirado, J.P. Toinin, D.C. Dunand, Acta Mater. 151, 137 (2018)
P.M. Sarosi, B. Wang, J.P. Simmons, Y. Wang, M.J. Mills, Scr. Mater. 57, 767 (2007)
Y. Wu, Y. Liu, C. Li, X. **a, J. Wu, H. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 771, 526 (2019)
J. Ding, S. Jiang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, X. **a, C. Li, Y. Liu, Mater. Lett. 211, 5 (2018)
X. **a, Y. Peng, J. Zhang, X. He, S. Yin, J. Ding, C. Long, X. Chen, C. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. 54, 13368 (2019)
J. Wu, Y. Liu, C. Li, Y. Wu, X. **a, H. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 56, 21 (2020)
K. Yoshida, Y. Sano, Y. Tomii, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 8, 329 (1995)
J. Wu, C. Li, Y. Liu, X. **a, Y. Wu, Z. Ma, H. Wang, Intermetallics 109, 48 (2019)
R. Radis, M. Schaffer, M. Albu, G. Kothleitner, P. Pölt, E. Kozeschnik, Acta Mater. 57, 5739 (2009)
B. Saleem, H.B. Dong, V. Patel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 748, 327 (2019)
R.A. Ricks, A.J. Porter, R.C. Ecob, Acta Metall. 31, 43 (1983)
J.S. Van Sluytman, Acta Mater. 60, 1771 (2012)
R. Eriş, M.V. Akdeniz, A.O. Mekhrabov, Intermetallics 109, 37 (2019)
T. Grosdidier, A. Hazotte, A. Simon, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 256, 183 (1998)
N.D. Souza, M. Lekstrom, H.B. Dong, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 490, 258 (2008)
O.A. Ojo, M.C. Chaturvedi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 403, 77 (2005)
M. Doi, Mater. Sci. 33, 637 (1992)
P. Pandey, A.K. Sawant, B. Nithin, Z. Peng, S.K. Makineni, B. Gault, K. Chattopadhyay, Acta Mater. 168, 37 (2019)
M. Gell, D.N. Duhl, in Proceedings of the Nicholas Journal Grant Symposium on Advanced High-Temperature Alloys: Processing and Properties, ed. by S.M. Allen, R.M. Pelloux, R. Widmer (ASM International, OH, 1986), p. 9
Y. Wu, Y. Liu, C. Li, X. **a, J. Wu, H. Li, Intermetallics 113, 1 (2019)
T.M. Pollock, A.S. Argon, Acta Metall. Mater. 42, 1859 (1994)
M.V. Rybin, K.B. Samusev, M.F. Limonov, Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 5, 119 (2007)
W. Liu, N. Yan, H.P. Wang, Sci. China Technol. Sci. 62, 1976 (2019)
H.P. Wang, P. Lü, X. Cai, B. Zhai, J.F. Zhao, B. Wei, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 772, 1 (2020)
Y.F. Li, C. Li, J. Wu, H.J. Li, Y.C. Liu, H.P. Wang, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 32, 764 (2019)
R. O′Hayre (ed.), Materials Kinetics Fundamentals (Principles, Processes and Applications) (Wiley, Hoboken, 2015)
J.P. Simmons, C. Shen, Y. Wang, Scr. Mater. 43, 935 (2000)
J.W. Christian (ed.), The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys (Elsevier, Oxford, 2002)
D. Johnson, Intermetallics 3, 99 (1995)
J. Wu, Y.L. Chong, C.X. **a, Y. Wu, H. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 30, 949 (2017)
W.C. Winegard (ed.), An Introduction to the Solidification of Metals (Institute of Metals, London, 1964)
M. Tomellini, J. Mater. Sci. 48, 5653 (2013)
M.M.P. Janssen, Mater. Sci. 4, 1623 (1973)
C.Z. Hargather, S.L. Shang, Z.K. Liu, Acta Mater. 157, 126 (2018)
Y.Z. Wang, Dissertation (The State University of New Jersey, 1995)
R.E. Smallman (ed.), Modern Physical Metallurgy, 8th edn. (2014)
C.E. Campbell, Acta Mater. 56, 4277 (2008)
R.J. Mitchell, M. Preuss, M.C. Hardy, S. Tin, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 423, 282 (2006)
R.J. Mitchell, M. Preuss, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 38, 615 (2007)
R.J. Mitchell, M. Preuss, S. Tin, M.C. Hardy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 473, 158 (2008)
G. Brunetti, A. Setterrati, A. Hazotte, S. Denis, J.J. Fundenberger, A. Tidu, E. Bouzy, Micron 43, 396 (2012)
L. Müller, T. Link, M. Feller-Kniepmeier, Scr. Metall. Mater. 26, 1297 (1992)
F. Pyczak, B. Devrient, H. Mughrabi, in Proceedings of the Superalloy 2004, ed. by K.A. Green, et al. (Champion, 2004), p. 827
F.X. Kayser, C. Stassis, Phys. Stat. Sol. (A), 64, 335 (1981)
M.V. Nathal, R.A. MacKay, R.G. Garlick, Mater. Sci. Eng. 75, 195 (1985)
B. Von Grossmann, H. Biermann, U. Tetzlaff, F. Pyczak, H. Mughrabi, Scr. Mater. 43, 859 (2000)
H. Biermann, B. Von Grossmann, T. Unga, Acta Mater. 48, 2221 (2000)
H. Mughrabi, Mater. Sci. Technol. 25, 191 (2009)
Y. Wang, L. Chen, A.G. Khachaturyan, Scr. Metall. 25, 1969 (1991)
A.G. Khachaturyan (ed.), Theory of Structural Transformations in Solids (Wiley, New York, 1983)
E. Nembach, G. Neite, Prog. Mater Sci. 29, 177 (1985)
X. **a, Q. Zhao, Y. Peng, P. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Ding, X. Lu, L. Wang, L. Huang, H. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Alloys Compd. 15, 3370 (2020)
M. Doi, Prog. Mater Sci. 40, 79 (1996)
R.R. Unocic, L. KovarikL, C. Shen, P.M. Sarosi, Y. Wang, J. Li, S. Ghosh, M.J. Mills, in Superalloys 08, ed. by R.C. Reed, K.A. Green, P. Caron, T.P. Gabb, M.G. Fahrmann, E.S. Huron, S.A. Woodard (TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2008), p. 377
K. Vasu, M.G. Krishna, K.A. Padmanabhan, J. Mater. Res. 28, 1711 (2014)
X. Li, X.N. Zhang, C.P. Liu, C.Y. Wang, T. Yu, Z. Zhang, J. Alloys Compd. 633, 366 (2015)
X.G. Wang, J.L. Liu, T. **, X.F. Sun, J. Mater. 63, 286 (2014)
Q.Z. Gao, Y.J. Jiang, Z.Y. Liu, H.L. Zhang, C.C. Jiang, X. Zhang, H.J. Li, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 779, 139 (2020)
A.M. Manzoni, S. Haas, J.M. Yu, H.M. Daoud, U. Glatzel, H. Aboulfadl, F. Mücklich, R. Duran, G. Schmitz, D.M. Többens, S. Matsumura, F. Vogel, N. Wanderka, H. Berlin, E. Gmbh, D. Berlin, Mater. Charact. 154, 363 (2019)
K.E. Yoon, R.D. Noebe, D.N. Seidman, Acta Mater. 55, 1159 (2007)
N.A. Protasova, I.L. Svetlov, M.B. Bronfin, N.V. Petrushin, Phys. Met. Metallogr. 106, 495 (2008)
H. Numakura, N. Kurita, M. Koiwa, P. Gadaud, Philos. Mag. A 79, 943 (1999)
R. Moskovic, Precipitation of Ni3Al in a nickel rich NiAl. J. Mater. Sci. 12, 1895 (1977)
X. Zhou, T.F. Ma, Y.L. Li, L. Li, K.X. Wang, Y.S. Zhang, Y.J. Lai, P.X. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 761, 1380461 (2019)
Y.Y. Qiu, J. Alloys Compd. 270, 145 (1998)
G. Britain, P. Press, I. Erlangen-niirnberg, G. Physics, B. Hich, U. Srr, Acta Metall. Mater. 39, 2783 (1991)
L. Liu, Z. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 661, 349 (2016)
H. Long, H. Wei, Y. Liu, S. Mao, J. Zhang, S. **ang, Y. Chen, W. Gui, Q. Li, Z. Zhang, X. Han, Acta Mater. 120, 95 (2016)
C. Stöcker, M. Zimmermann, H.J. Christ, Int. J. Fatigue 33, 2 (2011)
M. Hantcherli, F. Pettinari-Sturmel, B. Viguier, J. Douin, A. Coujou, Scr. Mater. 66, 143 (2012)
J.X. Zhang, T. Murakumo, Y. Koizumi, H. Harada, J. Mater. Sci. 38, 4883 (2003)
Z.W. Huang, H.Y. Li, M. Preuss, M. Karadge, P. Bowen, S. Bray, G. Baxter, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 38, 1608 (2007)
C. Maldonado, T.H. North, J. Mater. Sci. 37, 2087 (2002)
C. Mary, M. Jahazi, Adv. Mater. Res. 15–17, 357 (2007)
M. Preuss, P.J. Withers, W.L.J. Pang, G.J. Baxter, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33, 3215 (2002)
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (No. E2019202161), the High-level Talent Funding Project of Hebei Province (No. A201902008), the Key R&D Program of Hebei Province (No. 19251013D), the College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Hebei University of Technology (No. S201910080035) and the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB2001805).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Available online at http://springer.longhoe.net/journal/40195.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, X., Zhang, J., Peng, Y. et al. Microstructure Evolution of Primary γ′ Phase in Ni3Al-Based Superalloy. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 33, 1709–1726 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-020-01105-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-020-01105-0