Abstract
This study investigated endophytes and indigenous bacteria that are associated with the Vetiveria zizanioides plant to identify potential degrading bacteria for treating a high-loading textile wastewater. The Vetiveria zizanioides plants were cultivated in floating treatment wetlands and inoculated with a single strain of bacteria to treat the textile wastewater in a 500 mL glass tank. Bacterial performance in degrading contaminants in textile wastewater was examined by monitoring the floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) for period of 25 days and measuring the physicochemical parameters. The FTWs reactor containing only Vetiver zizanioides shows minimal plant growth and low chemical compound removal. FTWs reactor with Vetiveria zizanioides that was inoculated with Bacillus cereus and Stenotrophomonas malthophillia bacterial strains demonstrated better performance in terms of significantly higher COD (86.7%) and colour (65.3%) removal rates. Meanwhile, heavy metal removals were discovered that Vetiver zizanioides with Stenotrophomonas malthophillia strain had the highest removal of Pb (99.4%) and Cu (90.6%). When compared to other bacterial strains, the majority of heavy metals were accumulated in root tissue rather than shoot tissue in Vetiver zizanioides plants inoculated with Bacillus spizizenii. This study revealed that the Bacillus genera strains could tolerate plant stress caused by high organic load and and high concentrations of toxic contaminants, while accelerated plant growth during the treatment of textile wastewater. Further study is required to confirm the utilisation of selected bacteria strains to enhance the performance of wetland wastewater treatment and its system with various hydraulic loading rates for treating textile wastewater.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13762-024-05654-0/MediaObjects/13762_2024_5654_Fig1_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adeleke BS, Babalola OO, Glick BR (2021) Plant growth-promoting root-colonizing bacterial endophytes. Rhizosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RHISPH.2021.100433
Afzal M, Khan QM, Sessitsch A (2014) Endophytic bacteria: prospects and applications for the phytoremediation of organic pollutants. Chemosphere 117(1):232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.078
Allende KL, McCarthy DT, Fletcher TD (2014) The influence of media type on removal of arsenic, iron and boron from acidic wastewater in horizontal flow wetland microcosms planted with Phragmites australis. Chem Eng J 246:217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.035
Almeida A, Carvalho F, Imaginário MJ, Castanheira I, Prazeres AR, Ribeiro C (2017) Nitrate removal in vertical flow constructed wetland planted with Vetiveria zizanioides: effect of hydraulic load. Ecol Eng 99:535–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.069
Ashraf S, Naveed M, Zahir ZA, Afzal M, Rehman K (2018) Plant-endophyte synergism in constructed wetlands enhances the remediation of tannery effluent. Water Sci Technol 77(5):1262–1270. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.004
Badejo AA, Omole DO, Ndambuki JM (2018) Municipal wastewater management using Vetiveria zizanioides planted in vertical flow constructed wetland. Appl Water Sci 8(4):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0756-0
Berg G, Grube M, Schloter M, Smalla K (2014) The plant microbiome and its importance for plant and human health. Front Microbiol 5(17 September 2014):1–2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00491
Bhattacharya A, Gupta A, Kaur A, Malik D (2014) Efficacy of Acinetobacter sp. B9 for simultaneous removal of phenol and hexavalent chromium from co-contaminated system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(23):9829–9841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5910-5
Bramley-Alves J, Wasley J, King CK, Powell S, Robinson SA (2014) Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants in subantarctic soils: an effective management option. J Environ Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.019
Card S, Johnson L, Teasdale S, Caradus J (2016) Deciphering endophyte behaviour: the link between endophyte biology and efficacious biological control agents. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 92:114. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw114
Chandanshive VV, Rane NR, Gholave AR, Patil SM, Jeon BH, Govindwar SP (2016) Efficient decolorization and detoxification of textile industry effluent by Salvinia molesta in lagoon treatment. Environ Res 150:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.047
Chandanshive V, Kadam S, Rane N, Jeon BH, Jadhav J, Govindwar S (2020) In situ textile wastewater treatment in high rate transpiration system furrows planted with aquatic macrophytes and floating phytobeds. Chemosphere 252:126513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126513
Chatha SAS, Asgher M, Iqbal HMN (2017) Enzyme-based solutions for textile processing and dye contaminant biodegradation—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(16):14005–14018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8998-1
Chen J, Guo F, Wu F, Bryan BA (2023) Costs and benefits of constructed wetlands for meeting new water quality standards from China’s wastewater treatment plants. Resour Conserv Recycl 2023:921–3449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107248
Crites RW, Middlebrooks J, Reed SC (2006) Natural treatment wastewater systems. Taylor and Francis, Routledge
Cunningham SD, Anderson TA, Schwab AP, Hsu FC (1996) Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with organic pollutants. Adv Agron 56(C):55–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60179-0
Dalcorso G, Fasani E, Manara A, Visioli G, Furini A (2019) Molecular sciences heavy metal pollutions: state of the art and innovation in phytoremediation. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143412
Dong C-J, Wang L-L, Li Q, Shang Q-M (2019) Bacterial communities in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of tomato plants. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223847
Dudai N, Putievsky E, Chaimovitch D, Ben-Hur M (2006) Growth management of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) under Mediterranean conditions. J Environ Manage 81(1):63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.10.014
Effendi H, Munawaroh A, Puspa Ayu I (2017) Crude oil spilled water treatment with Vetiveria zizanioides in floating wetland. Egypt J Aquat Res 43(3):185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2017.08.003
Environmental and Forestry Instrument Standardization Agency (BSILHK) (2023) Standard National Indonesia for Water and Wastewater Quality (SNI). https://bsilhk.menlhk.go.id/index.php/produk-sni/sni-teknologi-pengujian-kualitas-lingkungan/sni-kualitas-air-dan-air-limbah/
Field JA, de Jong E, Feijoo-Costa G, de Bont JAM (1993) Screening for ligninolytic fungi applicable to the biodegradation of xenobiotics. Trends Biotechnol 11(2):44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7799(93)90121-O
Gaiero JR, McCall CA, Thompson KA, Day NJ, Best AS, Dunfield KE (2013) Inside the root microbiome: bacterial root endophytes and plant growth promotion. Am J Bot 100(9):1738–1750. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200572
Ghoreishi SM, Haghighi R (2003) Chemical catalytic reaction and biological oxidation for treatment of non-biodegradable textile effluent. Chem Eng J 95(1–3):163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(03)00100-1
Glick BR (2010) Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 28(3):367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.02.001
Guidi Nissim W, Palm E, Mancuso S, Azzarello E (2018) Trace element phytoextraction from contaminated soil: a case study under Mediterranean climate. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(9):9114–9131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1197-x
Gusti Wibowo Y, Tyaz Nugraha A, Rohman A (2023) Phytoremediation of several wastewater sources using Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes in Indonesia. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 20(December 2022):100781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100781
Ijaz A, Imran A, Anwar ul HaqKhanAfzal MQM M (2016) Phytoremediation: recent advances in plant-endophytic synergistic interactions. Plant Soil 405(1–2):179–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2606-2
Kabra AN, Khandare RV, Govindwar SP (2013) Development of a bioreactor for remediation of textile effluent and dye mixture: a plant-bacterial synergistic strategy. Water Res 47(3):1035–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.007
Kafle A, Timilsina A, Gautam A, Adhikari K, Bhattarai A, Aryal N (2022) Phytoremediation: mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents. Environ Adv. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVADV.2022.100203
Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Vairale MG, Dwivedi SK, Gupta DK (2021) Constructed wetland, an eco-technology for wastewater treatment: a review on types of wastewater treated and components of the technology (macrophyte, biolfilm and substrate). J Environ Manag 283(2020):111986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111986
Kaul S, Sharma T, Dhar MK (2016) “Omics” tools for better understanding the plant–endophyte interactions. Front Plant Sci 7(June):1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00955
Kiamarsi Z, Kafi M, Soleimani M, Nezami A, Lutts S (2020) Conjunction of Vetiveria zizanioides L. and oil-degrading bacteria as a promising technique for remediation of crude oil-contaminated soils. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119719
Liu SH, Zeng GM, Niu QY, Liu Y, Zhou L, Jiang LH, Tan X, Xu P (2017) Bioremediation mechanisms of combined pollution of PAHs and heavy metals by bacteria and fungi: a mini review. Biores Technol 224:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.095
Mulbry W, Kondrad S, Pizarro C, Kebede-Westhead E (2008) Treatment of dairy manure effluent using freshwater algae: algal productivity and recovery of manure nutrients using pilot-scale algal turf scrubbers. Biores Technol 99(17):8137–8142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.073
Najam-Us-Sahar NU et al (2017) Effect of textile wastewater on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil Environ 36(1):28–34
Nanda S, Mohanty B, Joshi RK (2019) Endophyte-mediated host stress tolerance as a means for crop improvement. Ref Ser Phytochem 1:677–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90484-9_28
Nawaz MS, Ahsan M (2014) Comparison of physico-chemical, advanced oxidation and biological techniques for the textile wastewater treatment. Alex Eng J 53(3):717–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEJ.2014.06.007
Nayak AK, Panda SS, Basu A, Dhal NK (2018) Enhancement of toxic Cr (VI), Fe, and other heavy metals phytoremediation by the synergistic combination of native Bacillus cereus strain and Vetiveria zizanioides L. Int J Phytorem 20(7):682–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1413332
Padhi BS (2012) Pollution due to synthetic dyes toxicity and carcinogenicity studies and remediation. Int J Environ Sci 3(3):940–955. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.2012030133002
Perera KR, Yatawara M (2021) Phytoremediation of partially treated MSW leachate by selected free floating and emergent macrophytes in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands. Environ Technol Innov 24:101928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101928
Pivets BE (2001) Phytoremediation of contaminated soils and ground water at hazardous waste sites. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington
Raskin I, Ensley BD (2000) Phytoremediation of toxic metals. Wiley, New York
Reeves RD, Baker J (2000) Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean the environment. J Plant Biotechnol 1(1):304
Rehman K, Imran A, Amin I, Afzal M (2019) Enhancement of oil field-produced wastewater remediation by bacterially-augmented floating treatment wetlands. Chemosphere 217:576–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.041
Saeed T, Sun G (2013) A lab-scale study of constructed wetlands with sugarcane bagasse and sand media for the treatment of textile wastewater. Biores Technol 128:438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.052
Sakakibara M, Ohmori Y, Ha NTH, Sano S, Sera K (2011) Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated water and sediment by Eleocharis acicularis. Clean Soil Air Water 39(8):735–741. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000488
Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Kalyani DC, Chang JS, Govindwar SP (2009) Enhanced decolorization and biodegradation of textile azo dye Scarlet R by using developed microbial consortium-GR. Biores Technol 100(9):2493–2500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.013
Shabani N, Sayadi MH (2012) Evaluation of heavy metals accumulation by two emergent macrophytes from the polluted soil: an experimental study. Environmentalist 32(1):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-011-9376-z
Sharma P (2021) Efficiency of bacteria and bacterial assisted phytoremediation of heavy metals: an update. Biores Technol 328(February):124835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124835
Sharma P, Tripathi S, Chandra R (2020) Phytoremediation potential of heavy metal accumulator plants for waste management in the pulp and paper industry. Heliyon 6(7):e04559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04559
Shehzadi M, Fatima K, Imran A, Mirza MS, Khan QM, Afzal M (2016) Ecology of bacterial endophytes associated with wetland plants growing in textile effluent for pollutant-degradation and plant growth-promotion potentials. Plant Biosyst 150(6):1261–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2015.1022238
Sirianuntapiboon S, Chairattanawan K, Jungphungsukpanich S (2006) Some properties of a sequencing batch reactor system for removal of vat dyes. Biores Technol 97(10):1243–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.052
Srinivasan V, Bhavan PS, Krishnakumar J (2014) Bioremediation of textile dye effluent by bacillus. Int J Sci Environ Technol 3(6):2215–2224
Taghavi S, Garafola C, Monchy S, Newman L, Hoffman A, Weyens N, Barac T, Vangronsveld J, Van Der Lelie DD (2009) Genome survey and characterization of endophytic bacteria exhibiting a beneficial effect on growth and development of poplar trees. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(3):748–757. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02239-08
Tambunan JAM, Effendi H, Krisanti M (2018) Phytoremediating batik wastewater using vetiver Chrysopogon zizanioides (L). Pol J Environ Stud 27(3):1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/76728
Tan B, He L, Dai Z, Sun R, Jiang S, Lu Z, Liang Y, Ren L, Sun S, Zhang Y, Li C (2022) Review on recent progress of bioremediation strategies in Landfill leachate—a green approach. J Water Process Eng 50(August):103229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103229
Tara N, Arslan M, Hussain Z, Iqbal M, Khan QM, Afzal M (2019) On-site performance of floating treatment wetland macrocosms augmented with dye-degrading bacteria for the remediation of textile industry wastewater. J Clean Prod 217:541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.258
Valipour A, Ahn YH (2016) Constructed wetlands as sustainable ecotechnologies in decentralization practices: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(1):180–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5713-y
Watharkar AD, Khandare RV, Waghmare PR, Jagadale AD, Govindwar SP, Jadhav JP (2015) Treatment of textile effluent in a developed phytoreactor with immobilized bacterial augmentation and subsequent toxicity studies on Etheostoma olmstedi fish. J Hazard Mater 283:698–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.019
Zahoor M, Irshad M, Rahman H, Qasim M, Afridi SG, Qadir M, Hussain A (2017) Alleviation of heavy metal toxicity and phytostimulation of Brassica campestris L. by endophytic Mucor sp. MHR-7. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 142(2016):139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.005
Zhang L, Zhao J, Cui N, Dai Y, Kong L, Wu J, Cheng S (2016) Enhancing the water purification efficiency of a floating treatment wetland using a biofilm carrier. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(8):7437–7443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5873-9
Zhu D, Sun C, Zhang H, Wu Z, Jia B, Zhang Y (2012) Roles of vegetation, flow type and filled depth on livestock wastewater treatment through multi-level mineralized refuse-based constructed wetlands. Ecol Eng 39:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.11.002
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the support of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Indonesia (Grant number 021/ST-DirDPPM/70/DPPM/PFR-KEMDIKBUDRISTEK/VI/2023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Joni Aldilla Fajri: main concept, method, writing—review and editing, supervision. Awaluddin Nurmiyanto: data analysis, writing. Nurun Nailis Sa’adah: sampling, water quality analysis. Nadya Diva Sagita: sampling, water quality analysis. Isa Nuryana: PCR and sequencing analysis, writing. Aster Rahayu: data validation, writing. Annisa Nur Lathifah: water quality monitoring, statistic analysis, writing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that we have no known competing financial interest or personal relationship that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Fajri, J.A., Nurmiyanto, A., Sa’adah, N.N. et al. Selection of endophyte and indigenous bacteria degrading textile wastewater in floating treatment wetland. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05654-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05654-0