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Benzene-based hypercross-linked polymers as a highly efficient adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution

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Abstract

The removal of Cd(II) ions is studied using benzene-based hyper-cross-linked polymers. The FESEM, FTIR, BET, and EDX are used for recognition the morphology, functional group, surface area, and participant elements in the resin, respectively. The optimum values of initial concentration, time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature are observed at 100 mg/L, 60 min, 7, 2 mL (0.08 g), and 25 °C, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity is attained at 40.19 mg/g. The R2 and uptake capacity of the pseudo-second-order obtained 0.993 and 43.672 mg/g, respectively, and implied that the adsorption was multi-layer. The R2 of the Freundlich isotherm is calculated at 0.994 and describing the non-homogenized surface of HCPs. The value of n calculated 1.313 and verified that the adsorbent is heterogeneous, and separation has occurred suitably. The E value in the D-R model has obtained 0.28 kJ/mol, which represents the behavior of the process is not chemical. Subsequently, the value of ΔHo calculated at -82.707 kJ/mol and proves the exothermic nature. ΔGo calculated 1.63, 4.46, and 7.29 kJ/mol at 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively, and the adsorption is non-spontaneous. The fabricated HCP has the highest uptake capacity of 40.1875 mg/g compare to the other adsorbents such as activated carbon, and even modified cross-linked resins. Benzene is utilized as the precursor due to its cheaper price than the other precursors such as polystyrene which makes the present process economic. Also, the Freidel-Craft reaction with the knitting strategy is selected for HCP synthesis which makes high the HCP surface area (823.892 m2/g).

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Guilan, 4199613776, Rasht, Iran

    H. Masoumi, H. Ghanadzadeh Gilani & H. Ramazanipour Penchah

  2. School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 13114-16846, Tehran, Iran

    A. Ghaemi

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  1. H. Masoumi
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Correspondence to A. Ghaemi.

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Masoumi, H., Ghaemi, A., Ghanadzadeh Gilani, H. et al. Benzene-based hypercross-linked polymers as a highly efficient adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 6315–6330 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03798-x

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