Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are commonly originated from personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and alkylphenolic compounds. Due to the huge development of these industries, these ECs have been constantly detected in wastewater, groundwater, and surface water in hazardous quantity. The discharge of these ECs into the environment causes considerable non-esthetic pollution and could be a great threat to the entire ecosystem. The common wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which consist of biological, physical, and chemical treatments such as activated sludge, filtration, adsorption, and coagulation are found to be ineffective for desired removal of ECs. In turn, various emerging advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ultrasonic and ultraviolet irradiation with or without the presence of catalyst have raised great attention due to their great potential in remediation of ECs. This paper presents a critical review on types, recent occurrence, sources, environmental impacts, and emerging treatment methods applicable to treat ECs. The current research and applications of ultrasonic, ultraviolet, and combination of both irradiations to treat ECs in wastewater are particularly reviewed. The effect of key parameters on photo-, sono- and, sonophotocatalytic degradation of ECs are commendably accessed such as ultrasonic power, ultrasonic frequency, light intensity, ultraviolet wavelength, solution pH, oxidizing agents, chemical additives, catalyst dosage, and modification of catalyst. The possible reaction mechanisms of ECs degradation process and kinetic model study are also elucidated in detail. Lastly, future research directions and conclusions are proposed to strengthen the understanding on their fate in water. All this information is vital to predict the negative impacts of ECs on the receiving environment effectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acero JL, Benitez FJ, Real FJ, García C (2009) Removal of phenyl-urea herbicides in natural waters by UF membranes: permeate flux, analysis of resistances and rejection coefficients. Sep Purif Technol 65:322–330
Acero JL, Javier Benitez F, Real FJ, Teva F (2012) Coupling of adsorption, coagulation, and ultrafiltration processes for the removal of emerging contaminants in a secondary effluent. Chem Eng J 210:1–8
Adewuyi YG (2005) Sonochemistry in environmental remediation. 1. Combinative and hybrid sonophotochemical oxidation processes for the treatment of pollutants in water. Environ Sci Technol 39:3409–3420
Adewu-Yi YG (2005) Sonochemistry in environmental remediation. 2. Heterogeneous sonophotocatalytic oxidation processes for the treatment of pollutants in water. Environ Sci Technol 39:8557–8570
Adityosulindro S, Barthe L, González-Labrada K, Jáuregui Haza UJ, Delmas H, Julcour C (2017) Sonolysis and sono-Fenton oxidation for removal of ibuprofen in (waste)water. Ultrason Sonochem 39:889–896
Ahmad M, Lee SS, Dou X, Mohan D, Sung J-K, Yang JE, Ok YS (2012) Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresour Technol 118:536–544
Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W, Thomaidis NS, Xu J (2017) Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: a critical review. J Hazard Mater 323:274–298
Altmann J, Ruhl AS, Zietzschmann F, Jekel M (2014) Direct comparison of ozonation and adsorption onto powdered activated carbon for micropollutant removal in advanced wastewater treatment. Water Res 55:185–193
Arzate S, García Sánchez JL, Soriano-Molina P, Casas López JL, Campos-Mañas MC, Agüera A, Sánchez Pérez JA (2017) Effect of residence time on micropollutant removal in WWTP secondary effluents by continuous solar photo-Fenton process in raceway pond reactors. Chem Eng J 316:1114–1121
Baccar R, Sarrà M, Bouzid J, Feki M, Blánquez P (2012) Removal of pharmaceutical compounds by activated carbon prepared from agricultural by-product. Chem Eng J 211:310–317
Bagal MV, Gogate PR (2014) Degradation of diclofenac sodium using combined processes based on hydrodynamic cavitation and heterogeneous photocatalysis. Ultrason Sonochem 21:1035–1043
Barik AJ, Gogate PR (2016) Degradation of 4-chloro 2-aminophenol using combined strategies based on ultrasound, photolysis and ozone. Ultrason Sonochem 28:90–99
Beier S, Köster S, Veltmann K, Schröder HF, Pinnekamp J (2010) Treatment of hospital wastewater effluent by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Water Sci Technol 61:1691–1698
Bhatkhande DS, Pangarkar VG, Beenackers AACM (2002) Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications—a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77:102–116
Bilgin Simsek E (2017) Solvothermal synthesized boron doped TiO2 catalysts: photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B 200:309–322
Boix C, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Parsons JR, Voogt PD, Hernández F (2016) Biotransformation of pharmaceuticals in surface water and during waste water treatment: identification and occurrence of transformation products. J Hazard Mater 302:175–187
Bolobajev J, Goi A (2017) Sonolytic degradation of chlorophene enhanced by Fenton-mediated oxidation and H·-scavenging effect. Chem Eng J 328:904–914
Bolong N, Ismail AF, Salim MR, Matsuura T (2009) A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination 238:229–246
Burrows HD, Canle LM, Santaballa JA, Steenken S (2002) Reaction pathways and mechanisms of photodegradation of pesticides. J Photochem Photobiol B 67:71–108
Caldas SS, Bolzan CM, Guilherme JR, Silveira MAK, Escarrone ALV, Primel EG (2013) Determination of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides in surface and treated waters: method development and survey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:5855–5863
Capocelli M, Joyce E, Lancia A, Mason TJ, Musmarra D, Prisciandaro M (2012) Sonochemical degradation of estradiols: incidence of ultrasonic frequency. Chem Eng J 210:9–17
Chen X, Nielsen JL, Furgal K, Liu Y, Lolas IB, Bester K (2011) Biodegradation of triclosan and formation of methyl-triclosan in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Chemosphere 84:452–456
Chi GT, Churchley J, Huddersman KD (2013) Pilot-scale removal of trace steroid hormones and pharmaceuticals and personal care products from municipal wastewater using a heterogeneous fenton’s catalytic process. Int J Chem Eng 760915:1–10
Chong MN, ** B, Chow CWK, Saint C (2010) Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review. Water Res 44:2997–3027
Chu KH, Al-Hamadani YAJ, Park CM, Lee G, Jang M, Jang A, Her N, Son A, Yoon Y (2017) Ultrasonic treatment of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in water: a review. Chem Eng J 327:629–647
Čizmić M, Ljubas D, Ćurković L, Škorić I, Babić S (2017) Kinetics and degradation pathways of photolytic and photocatalytic oxidation of the anthelmintic drug praziquantel. J Hazard Mater 323:500–512
Cruz-Morató C, Lucas D, Llorca M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Gorga M, Petrovic M, Barceló D, Vicent T, Sarrà M, Marco-Urrea E (2014) Hospital wastewater treatment by fungal bioreactor: removal efficiency for pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptor compounds. Sci Total Environ 493:365–376
Davididou K, Monteagudo JM, Chatzisymeon E, Durán A, Expósito AJ (2017) Degradation and mineralization of antipyrine by UV-A LED photo-Fenton reaction intensified by ferrioxalate with addition of persulfate. Sep Purif Technol 172:227–235
Deng S, Chen Y, Wang D, Shi T, Wu X, Ma X, Li X, Hua R, Tang X, Li QX (2015) Rapid biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by Stenotrophomonas sp: G1. J Hazard Mater 297:17–24
Durán A, Monteagudo JM, Expósito AJ, Monsalve V (2016) Modeling the sonophoto-degradation/mineralization of carbamazepine in aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 284:503–512
Durán-Álvarez JC, Avella E, Ramírez-Zamora RM, Zanella R (2016) Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin using mono- (Au, Ag and Cu) and bi- (Au–Ag and Au–Cu) metallic nanoparticles supported TiO2 under UV-C and simulated sunlight. Catal Today 266:175–187
El-Shafey E-SI, Al-Lawati H, Al-Sumri AS (2012) Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets. J Environ Sci 24:1579–1586
El-Shahawi MS, Hamza A, Bashammakh AS, Al-Saggaf WT (2010) An overview on the accumulation, distribution, transformations, toxicity and analytical methods for the monitoring of persistent organic pollutants. Talanta 80:1587–1597
Eren Z (2012) Ultrasound as a basic and auxiliary process for dye remediation: a review. J Environ Manage 104:127–141
Eren Z, Ince NH (2010) Sonolytic and sonocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by low and high frequency ultrasound. J Hazard Mater 177:1019–1024
Eskandarian MR, Choi H, Fazli M, Rasoulifard MH (2016) Effect of UV-LED wavelengths on direct photolytic and TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants in water. Chem Eng J 300:414–422
Expósito AJ, Patterson DA, Monteagudo JM, Durán A (2017) Sono-photo-degradation of carbamazepine in a thin falling film reactor: operation costs in pilot plant. Ultrason Sonochem 34:496–503
Fujishima A, Rao TN (1997) Recent advances in heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis. Proc Indian Acad Sci Chem Sci 109:471–486
Gar Alalm M, Ookawara S, Fukushi D, Sato A, Tawfik A (2016) Improved WO3 photocatalytic efficiency using ZrO2 and Ru for the degradation of carbofuran and ampicillin. J Hazard Mater 302:225–231
Ghattas A-K, Fischer F, Wick A, Ternes TA (2017) Anaerobic biodegradation of (emerging) organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. Water Res 116:268–295
Gielen B, Marchal S, Jordens J, Thomassen LCJ, Braeken L, Van Gerven T (2016) Influence of dissolved gases on sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in a flow reactor. Ultrason Sonochem 31:463–472
Glassmeyer ST, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Batt AL, Benson R, Boone JS, Conerly O, Donohue MJ, King DN, Kostich MS, Mash HE, Pfaller SL, Schenck KM, Simmons JE, Varughese EA, Vesper SJ, Villegas EN, Wilson VS (2017) Nationwide reconnaissance of contaminants of emerging concern in source and treated drinking waters of the United States. Sci Total Environ 581–582:909–922
Gogate PR, Pandit AB (2004) Sonophotocatalytic reactors for wastewater treatment: a critical review. AIChE J 50:1051–1079
Gupta VK, Gupta B, Rastogi A, Agarwal S, Nayak A (2011) Pesticides removal from waste water by activated carbon prepared from waste rubber tire. Water Res 45:4047–4055
Hajizadeh Y, Onwudili JA, Williams PT (2011) Removal potential of toxic 2378-substituted PCDD/F from incinerator flue gases by waste-derived activated carbons. Waste Manage 31:1194–1201
Haman C, Dauchy X, Rosin C, Munoz J-F (2015) Occurrence, fate and behavior of parabens in aquatic environments: a review. Water Res 68:1–11
Hamdaoui O, Naffrechoux E (2008) Sonochemical and photosonochemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous media. Ultrason Sonochem 15:981–987
Hapeshi E, Fotiou I, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Sonophotocatalytic treatment of ofloxacin in secondary treated effluent and elucidation of its transformation products. Chem Eng J 224:96–105
Hassani A, Khataee A, Karaca S (2015) Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles on montmorillonite: effect of operation parameters and artificial neural network modeling. J Mol Catal A Chem 409:149–161
Hassani A, Khataee A, Karaca S, Karaca C, Gholami P (2017) Sonocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin using synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles on montmorillonite. Ultrason Sonochem 35:251–262
He Y, Sutton NB, Rijnaarts HHH, Langenhoff AAM (2016) Degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater using immobilized TiO2 photocatalysis under simulated solar irradiation. Appl Catal B 182:132–141
Heo J, Flora JRV, Her N, Park Y-G, Cho J, Son A, Yoon Y (2012) Removal of bisphenol A and 17β-estradiol in single walled carbon nanotubes–ultrafiltration (SWNTs–UF) membrane systems. Sep Purif Technol 90:39–52
Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR, Barceló D (2006) Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and sediments. Talanta 69:334–342
Hughes SR, Kay P, Brown LE (2013) Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems. Environ Sci Technol 47:661–677
Jagannathan M, Grieser F, Ashokkumar M (2013) Sonophotocatalytic degradation of paracetamol using TiO2 and Fe3+. Sep Purif Technol 103:114–118
Jallouli N, Elghniji K, Hentati O, Ribeiro AR, Silva AMT, Ksibi M (2016) UV and solar photo-degradation of naproxen: TiO2 catalyst effect, reaction kinetics, products identification and toxicity assessment. J Hazard Mater 304:329–336
Jelic A, Michael I, Achilleos A, Hapeshi E, Lambropoulou D, Perez S, Petrovic M, Fatta-Kassinos D, Barcelo D (2013) Transformation products and reaction pathways of carbamazepine during photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment. J Hazard Mater 263:177–186
Ji Y, Ferronato C, Salvador A, Yang X, Chovelon J-M (2014) Degradation of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole by ferrous-activated persulfate: implications for remediation of groundwater contaminated by antibiotics. Sci Total Environ 472:800–808
Jonkers N, Kohler H-PE, Dammshäuser A, Giger W (2009) Mass flows of endocrine disruptors in the Glatt River during varying weather conditions. Environ Pollut 157:714–723
Joseph CG, Li Puma G, Bono A, Krishnaiah D (2009) Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: a short review. Ultrason Sonochem 16:583–589
Kapelewska J, Kotowska U, Karpińska J, Kowalczuk D, Arciszewska A, Świrydo A (2018) Occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of emerging organic contaminants in leachates, groundwaters and wastewaters. Microchem J 137:292–301
Karaca M, Kıranşan M, Karaca S, Khataee A, Karimi A (2016) Sonocatalytic removal of naproxen by synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on montmorillonite. Ultrason Sonochem 31:250–256
Khokhawala IM, Gogate PR (2010) Degradation of phenol using a combination of ultrasonic and UV irradiations at pilot scale operation. Ultrason Sonochem 17:833–838
Lei Z-d, Wang J-j, Wang L, Yang X-y, Xu G, Tang L (2016) Efficient photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using novel visible-light responsive graphene quantum dot/AgVO3 nanoribbons. J Hazard Mater 312:298–306
Leong S, Razmjou A, Wang K, Hapgood K, Zhang X, Wang H (2014) TiO2 based photocatalytic membranes: a review. J Membr Sci 472:167–184
Lester Y, Sharpless CM, Mamane H, Linden KG (2013) Production of photo-oxidants by dissolved organic matter during UV water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 47:11726–11733
Li R, Wang Z, Guo J, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhu J, **e X (2018) Enhanced adsorption of ciprofloxacin by KOH modified biochar derived from potato stems and leaves. Water Sci Technol 77:1127–1136
Lin L, Wang H, Xu P (2017) Immobilized TiO2-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites on optical fibers as high performance photocatalysts for degradation of pharmaceuticals. Chem Eng 310(Part 2):389–398
Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT Jr (1995) Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95:735–758
Liu YS, Ying GG, Shareef A, Kookana RS (2011) Biodegradation of three selected benzotriazoles under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Water Res 45:5005–5014
Long RQ, Yang RT (2001) Carbon nanotubes as superior sorbent for dioxin removal. J Am Chem Soc 123:2058–2059
Lu XY, Zhang T, Fang HHP (2011) Bacteria-mediated PAH degradation in soil and sediment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 89:1357–1371
Macawile MC, Centeno C, Abella L, Gallardo S, Suzuki M (2011) Effect of light intensity on the photodegradation of PCB 153 in aqueous solution using UV and UV/H2O2. J Water Environ Technol 9:69–77
Mahvi AH (2009) Application of ultrasonic technology for water and wastewater treatment. Iran. J Public Health 38(2):1–17
Mandal PK (2005) Dioxin: a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. J Comp Physiol B 175:221–230
Mansour D, Fourcade F, Huguet S, Soutrel I, Bellakhal N, Dachraoui M, Hauchard D, Amrane A (2014) Improvement of the activated sludge treatment by its combination with electro Fenton for the mineralization of sulfamethazine. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 88:29–36
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujillo M, Vicent T, Caminal G (2009) Ability of white-rot fungi to remove selected pharmaceuticals and identification of degradation products of ibuprofen by Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 74:765–772
Markic M, Cvetnic M, Ukic S, Kusic H, Bolanca T, Bozic AL (2018) Influence of process parameters on the effectiveness of photooxidative treatment of pharmaceuticals. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng 53:338–351
Matilainen A, Sillanpää M (2010) Removal of natural organic matter from drinking water by advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere 80:351–365
McAdam EJ, Bagnall JP, Soares A, Koh YKK, Chiu TY, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN, Cartmell E (2011) Fate of alkylphenolic compounds during activated sludge treatment: impact of loading and organic composition. Environ Sci Technol 45:248–254
Meffe R, de Bustamante I (2014) Emerging organic contaminants in surface water and groundwater: a first overview of the situation in Italy. Sci Total Environ 481:280–295
Michael I, Achilleos A, Lambropoulou D, Torrens VO, Pérez S, Petrović M, Barceló D, Fatta-Kassinos D (2014) Proposed transformation pathway and evolution profile of diclofenac and ibuprofen transformation products during (sono)photocatalysis. Appl Catal B 147:1015–1027
Miraji H, Othman OC, Ngassapa FN, Mureithi EW (2016) Research trends in emerging contaminants on the aquatic environments of Tanzania. Scientifica 3769690:1–6
Moctezuma E, Leyva E, Aguilar CA, Luna RA, Montalvo C (2012) Photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol: intermediates and total reaction mechanism. J Hazard Mater 243:130–138
Molins-Delgado D, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D (2016) Ecological risk assessment associated to the removal of endocrine-disrupting parabens and benzophenone-4 in wastewater treatment. J Hazard Mater 310:143–151
Mompelat S, Le Bot B, Thomas O (2009) Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and by-products, from resource to drinking water. Environ Int 35:803–814
Mosleh S, Rahimi MR (2017) Intensification of abamectin pesticide degradation using the combination of ultrasonic cavitation and visible-light driven photocatalytic process: synergistic effect and optimization study. Ultrason Sonochem 35:449–457
Murgolo S, Yargeau V, Gerbasi R, Visentin F, El Habra N, Ricco G, Lacchetti I, Carere M, Curri ML, Mascolo G (2017) A new supported TiO2 film deposited on stainless steel for the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants of emerging concern. Chem Eng J 318:103–111
Na S, Ahn YG, Cui M, Khim J (2012a) Significant diethyl phthalate (DEP) degradation by combined advanced oxidation process in aqueous solution. J Environ Manage 101:104–110
Na S, **hua C, Cui M, Khim J (2012b) Sonophotolytic diethyl phthalate (DEP) degradation with UVC or VUV irradiation. Ultrason Sonochem 19:1094–1098
Nanzai B, Okitsu K, Takenaka N, Bandow H (2009) Sonochemical degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonates and kinetics analysis with a langmuir type mechanism. J Phys Chem C 113:3735–3739
Noguera-Oviedo K, Aga DS (2016) Lessons learned from more than two decades of research on emerging contaminants in the environment. J Hazard Mater 316:242–251
Norvill ZN, Shilton A, Guieysse B (2016) Emerging contaminant degradation and removal in algal wastewater treatment ponds: identifying the research gaps. J Hazard Mater 313:291–309
Ou HS, Ye JS, Ma S, Wei CH, Gao NY, He JZ (2016) Degradation of ciprofloxacin by UV and UV/H2O2 via multiple-wavelength ultraviolet light-emitting diodes: effectiveness, intermediates and antibacterial activity. Chem Eng J 289:391–401
Pal A, He Y, Jekel M, Reinhard M, Gin KYH (2014) Emerging contaminants of public health significance as water quality indicator compounds in the urban water cycle. Environ Int 71:46–62
Pang YL, Abdullah AZ, Bhatia S (2010) Effect of annealing temperature on the characteristics, sonocatalytic activity and reusability of nanotubes TiO2 in the degradation of Rhodamine B. Appl Catal B 100:393–402
Pang YL, Abdullah AZ, Bhatia S (2011a) Review on sonochemical methods in the presence of catalysts and chemical additives for treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater. Desalination 277:1–14
Pang YL, Bhatia S, Abdullah AZ (2011b) Process behavior of TiO2 nanotube-enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol 77:331–338
Papadopoulos C, Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, Venieri D, Konstantinou I, Mantzavinos D (2016) Sonochemical degradation of ethyl paraben in environmental samples: statistically important parameters determining kinetics, by-products and pathways. Ultrason Sonochem 31:62–70
Park B, Cho E, Son Y, Khim J (2014) Distribution of electrical energy consumption for the efficient degradation control of THMs mixture in sonophotolytic process. Ultrason Sonochem 21:1982–1987
Petrie B, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B (2015) A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res 72:3–27
Plakas KV, Karabelas AJ, Wintgens T, Melin T (2006) A study of selected herbicides retention by nanofiltration membranes—the role of organic fouling. J Membr Sci 284:291–300
Pramanik BK, Pramanik SK, Suja F (2015) A comparative study of coagulation, granular-and powdered-activated carbon for the removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in drinking water treatment. Environ Technol 36:2610–2617
Qiao M, Qi W, Liu H, Bai Y, Qu J (2016) Formation of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during aerobic activated sludge treatment and their removal process. Chem Eng J 302:50–57
Ramandi S, Entezari MH, Ghows N (2017) Sono-synthesis of solar light responsive S-N–C-tri doped TiO2 photo-catalyst under optimized conditions for degradation and mineralization of Diclofenac. Ultrason Sonochem 38:234–245
Rao Y, Yang H, Xue D, Guo Y, Qi F, Ma J (2016) Sonolytic and sonophotolytic degradation of Carbamazepine: kinetic and mechanisms. Ultrason Sonochem 32:371–379
Real FJ, Benitez FJ, Acero JL, Casas F (2017) Adsorption of selected emerging contaminants onto PAC and GAC: equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and effect of the water matrix. J Environ Sci Health Part A 52:727–734
Remucal CK (2014) The role of indirect photochemical degradation in the environmental fate of pesticides: a review. Environ Sci Processes Impacts 16:628–653
Rivera-Utrilla J, Sánchez-Polo M, Ferro-García MÁ, Prados-Joya G, Ocampo-Pérez R (2013) Pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants and their removal from water. A review. Chemosphere 93:1268–1287
Rodriguez-Narvaez OM, Peralta-Hernandez JM, Goonetilleke A, Bandala ER (2017) Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: a review. Chem Eng J 323:361–380
Rubio-Clemente A, Torres-Palma RA, Peñuela GA (2014) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous environment by chemical treatments: a review. Sci Total Environ 478:201–225
Sangion A, Gramatica P (2016) PBT assessment and prioritization of contaminants of emerging concern: pharmaceuticals. Environ Res 147:297–306
Santos MSF, Alves A, Madeira LM (2016) Chemical and photochemical degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in liquid systems—a review. Water Res 88:39–59
Secondes MFN, Naddeo V, Belgiorno V, Ballesteros F (2014) Removal of emerging contaminants by simultaneous application of membrane ultrafiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and ultrasound irradiation. J Hazard Mater 264:342–349
Serna-Galvis EA, Silva-Agredo J, Giraldo-Aguirre AL, Flórez-Acosta OA, Torres-Palma RA (2016) High frequency ultrasound as a selective advanced oxidation process to remove penicillinic antibiotics and eliminate its antimicrobial activity from water. Ultrason Sonochem 31:276–283
Sheng C, Nnanna AGA, Liu Y, Vargo JD (2016) Removal of Trace Pharmaceuticals from Water using coagulation and powdered activated carbon as pretreatment to ultrafiltration membrane system. Sci Total Environ 550:1075–1083
Shibin OM, Yesodharan S, Yesodharan EP (2015) Sunlight induced photocatalytic degradation of herbicide diquat in water in presence of ZnO. J Environ Chem Eng 3:1107–1116
Shimizu N, Ninomiya K, Ogino C, Rahman MM (2010) Potential uses of titanium dioxide in conjunction with ultrasound for improved disinfection. Biochem Eng J 48:416–423
Siddique S, Kubwabo C, Harris SA (2016) A review of the role of emerging environmental contaminants in the development of breast cancer in women. Emerg Contam 2:204–219
Sophia AC, Lima EC (2018) Removal of emerging contaminants from the environment by adsorption. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 150:1–17
Sunasee S, Wong KT, Lee G, Pichiah S, Ibrahim S, Park C, Kim NC, Yoon Y, Jang M (2017) Titanium dioxide-based sonophotocatalytic mineralization of bisphenol A and its intermediates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:15488–15499
Tabasideh S, Maleki A, Shahmoradi B, Ghahremani E, McKay G (2017) Sonophotocatalytic degradation of diazinon in aqueous solution using iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 189:186–192
Talib A, Randhir TO (2017) Managing emerging contaminants in watersheds: need for comprehensive, systems-based strategies. Sustainability Water Qual Ecology 9–10:1–8
Teh CY, Wu TY, Juan JC (2017) An application of ultrasound technology in synthesis of titania-based photocatalyst for degrading pollutant. Chem Eng J 317:586–612
Teijon G, Candela L, Tamoh K, Molina-Díaz A, Fernández-Alba AR (2010) Occurrence of emerging contaminants, priority substances (2008/105/CE) and heavy metals in treated wastewater and groundwater at Depurbaix facility (Barcelona, Spain). Sci Total Environ 408:3584–3595
Ternes TA, Herrmann N, Bonerz M, Knacker T, Siegrist H, Joss A (2004) A rapid method to measure the solid–water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge. Water Res 38:4075–4084
Thompson LH, Doraiswamy LK (1999) Sonochemistry: science and engineering. Ind Eng Chem Res 38:1215–1249
Tijani JO, Fatoba OO, Babajide OO, Petrik LF (2016) Pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, nanomaterials and perfluorinated pollutants: a review. Environ Chem Lett 14:27–49
Välitalo P, Perkola N, Seiler T-B, Sillanpää M, Kuckelkorn J, Mikola A, Hollert H, Schultz E (2016) Estrogenic activity in Finnish municipal wastewater effluents. Water Res 88:740–749
Vandermeersch G, Lourenço HM, Alvarez-Muñoz D, Cunha S, Diogène J, Cano-Sancho G, Sloth JJ, Kwadijk C, Barcelo D, Allegaert W, Bekaert K, Fernandes JO, Marques A, Robbens J (2015) Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood—European database on contaminant levels. Environ Res 143:29–45
Velegraki T, Hapeshi E, Fatta-Kassinos D, Poulios I (2015) Solar-induced heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of methyl-paraben. Appl Catal B 178:2–11
Villaroel E, Silva-Agredo J, Petrier C, Taborda G, Torres-Palma RA (2014) Ultrasonic degradation of acetaminophen in water: effect of sonochemical parameters and water matrix. Ultrason Sonochem 21:1763–1769
Villegas-Guzman P, Silva-Agredo J, Giraldo-Aguirre AL, Flórez-Acosta O, Petrier C, Torres-Palma RA (2015a) Enhancement and inhibition effects of water matrices during the sonochemical degradation of the antibiotic dicloxacillin. Ultrason Sonochem 22:211–219
Villegas-Guzman P, Silva-Agredo J, González-Gómez D, Giraldo-Aguirre AL, Flórez-Acosta O, Torres-Palma RA (2015b) Evaluation of water matrix effects, experimental parameters, and the degradation pathway during the TiO2 photocatalytical treatment of the antibiotic dicloxacillin. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic/Hazard Subst Environ Eng 50:40–48
Wang J, Ma T, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Dong D, Zhang P, Li Y (2006) Investigation on the sonocatalytic degradation of parathion in the presence of nanometer rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyst. J Hazard Mater 137:972–980
Wang Y, Zhao D, Ma W, Chen C, Zhao J (2008) Enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by Au/TiO2. Environ Sci Technol 42:6173–6178
Wang S, Wang X, Poon K, Wang Y, Li S, Liu H, Lin S, Cai Z (2013) Removal and reductive dechlorination of triclosan by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Chemosphere 92:1498–1505
Wang L, Qiang Z, Li Y, Ben W (2017) An insight into the removal of fluoroquinolones in activated sludge process: sorption and biodegradation characteristics. J Environ Sci 56:263–271
Wei H, Hu D, Su J, Li K (2015) Intensification of levofloxacin sono-degradation in a US/H2O2 system with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Chin J Chem Eng 23:296–302
Wu C, Xu L, Bian K, Chen X, He F (2016) Synergetic degradation of benzotriazole by ultraviolet and ultrasound irradiation. Desalin Water Treat 57:17955–17962
Xu P, Drewes JE, Bellona C, Amy G, Kim TU, Adam M, Heberer T (2005) Rejection of emerging organic micropollutants in nanofiltration-reverse osmosis membrane applications. Water Environ Res 77:40–48
Xu LJ, Chu W, Graham N (2013) Sonophotolytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate without catalyst: analysis of the synergistic effect and modeling. Water Res 47:1996–2004
Xu LJ, Chu W, Lee PH, Wang J (2016) The mechanism study of efficient degradation of hydrophobic nonylphenol in solution by a chemical-free technology of sonophotolysis. J Hazard Mater 308:386–393
Yao Y, Gao B, Chen H, Jiang L, Inyang M, Zimmerman AR, Cao X, Yang L, Xue Y, Li H (2012) Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on biochar and its impact on reclaimed water irrigation. J Hazard Mater 209:408–413
Yousif E, Haddad R (2013) Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review. SpringerPlus 2:1–32
Yuan C, Hung C-H, Li H-W, Chang W-H (2016) Photodegradation of ibuprofen by TiO2 co-do** with urea and functionalized CNT irradiated with visible light—effect of do** content and pH. Chemosphere 155:471–478
Zangeneh H, Zinatizadeh AAL, Habibi M, Akia M, Hasnain Isa M (2015) Photocatalytic oxidation of organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater using different modified titanium dioxides: a comparative review. J Ind Eng Chem 26:1–36
Zeledón-Toruño ZC, Lao-Luque C, de las Heras FXC, Sole-Sardans M (2007) Removal of PAHs from water using an immature coal (leonardite). Chemosphere 67:505–512
Zhang Y, Geißen S-U, Gal C (2008) Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies. Chemosphere 73:1151–1161
Zhang H, Zhang P, Ji Y, Tian J, Du Z (2015) Photocatalytic degradation of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water under visible light by P25-TiO2/tetraethyl orthosilicate film and determination via ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Eng J 262:1108–1115
Zhang Y, Zhu H, Szewzyk U, Geissen SU (2017) Enhanced removal of sulfamethoxazole with manganese-adapted aerobic biomass. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 116:171–174
Zheng H, Wang Z, Zhao J, Herbert S, **ng B (2013) Sorption of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole varies with biochars produced at different temperatures. Environ Pollut 181:60–67
Zhu L (2015) Rejection of organic micropollutants by clean and fouled nanofiltration membranes. J Chem 2015:934318
Ziylan-Yavas A, Mizukoshi Y, Maeda Y, Ince NH (2015) Supporting of pristine TiO2 with noble metals to enhance the oxidation and mineralization of paracetamol by sonolysis and sonophotolysis. Appl Catal B 172–173:7–17
Zoschke K, Börnick H, Worch E (2014) Vacuum-UV radiation at 185 nm in water treatment—a review. Water Res 52:131–145
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Research Grant through the Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research and Centre for Environment and Green Technology, UTAR (IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2018-C1/P01). The financial support provided by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme by the Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia is also acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest in the preparation of this review article.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Hari Pant.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yap, H.C., Pang, Y.L., Lim, S. et al. A comprehensive review on state-of-the-art photo-, sono-, and sonophotocatalytic treatments to degrade emerging contaminants. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 601–628 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1961-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1961-y