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Hybrid photocatalytic/photochemical degradation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene: kinetic, thermodynamic, operating cost, synergism and mineralization study

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Abstract

This study investigates the combined effects of UV/TiO2 and UV/H2O2 processes on the degradation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene in aqueous media, employing a recycled current photo-reactor equipped with a water jacket. Evaluation of various factors—initial pH, TiO2 dosage, initial H2O2 concentration, pollutant concentration, and temperature—contributed to the optimization of degradation rates and operational costs for both processes. For the degradation of 50 mg/L of DCB, the optimal operating conditions were found to be for UV/TiO2: pH = 3, [TiO2] = 30 mg/L and T = 25 °C, and for UV/H2O2: pH = 3, [H2O2]0 = 350 mg/L and T = 25 °C. After 60 min of irradiation time, the degradation efficiency, pseudo first order rate constant and operational cost value for the UV/TiO2 and UV/H2O2 processes were as 98.9%, 0.0771 min−1, 11.6 $/m3 and 96.3%, 0.0573 min−1, 11.8 $/m3 respectively. Also, thermodynamic parameters of activation energy, enthalpy change, entropy change and standard Gibbs free energy were calculated as 21.78 (kJ/mol), 19.37 (kJ/mol), − 0.20 (kJ/mol K) and 73.34 (kJ/mol at 25 °C) for UV/TiO2 process and 7.62 (kJ/mol), 5.18 (kJ/mol), − 0.25 (kJ/mol K) and 80.14 (kJ/mol at 25 °C) for UV/H2O2 process. The investigation also encompassed the exploration of 13 hybridization scenarios, including UV/TiO2/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/TiO2, revealing notable findings. Notably, a specific hybridization scenario, namely UV/TiO2 (30 mg/L)/H2O2(250 mg/L), demonstrated a significant synergistic effect (29.5%). Evaluating pollutant mineralization unveiled compelling results, with approximately 85% mineralization achieved after 90 min for the UV/TiO2(30 mg/L)/H2O2(250 mg/L) scenario, showcasing a remarkable synergism (44%) in the mineralization process.

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Abbreviations

DCB:

1,2-Dichlorobenzen

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation processes

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

[DCB]0 :

Initial concentration of DCB

[DCB]:

DCB concentration at any time

DE%:

Degradation efficiency percentage

SG%:

Synergism percentage

UV:

Ultra violet

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

ZPC:

Zero point charge

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

POC:

Process operating cost

CC:

Chemical cost

EEC:

Electricity energy cost

CEE:

Consumed electrical energy

ThEC:

Thermal energy cost

US$:

United States Dollar

EQ :

Thermal energy

m:

Mass of one cubic meter of polluted water

C p :

Specific heat capacity of water

T :

Temperature

R :

Ideal gas universal constant

k app :

Apparent rate constant

R 2 :

Coefficient of determination

P :

Electrical power

t :

Reaction time

V :

Reaction solution volume

E a :

Activation energy

ΔH°:

Enthalpy change

ΔS°:

Entropy change

ΔG°:

Gibbs free energy change

N A :

Avogadro's constant

h :

Planck's constant

\({e}_{CB}^{-}\) :

Conduction band electron

\({h}_{VB}^{+}\) :

Valance band electron

\({\uplambda }_{max}\) :

Maximum absorbance wavelength

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Acknowledgements

We express our sincere thanks and appreciation to the Malayer and Payame Noor Universities authorities for providing the financial support to carry out this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

    Ali Reza Soleymani

  2. Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran

    Saeid Azimi & Azin Rahnama

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  1. Ali Reza Soleymani
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Correspondence to Ali Reza Soleymani.

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Soleymani, A.R., Azimi, S. & Rahnama, A. Hybrid photocatalytic/photochemical degradation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene: kinetic, thermodynamic, operating cost, synergism and mineralization study. J IRAN CHEM SOC 21, 1977–1996 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-024-03044-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-024-03044-4

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