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Green engineering of cellulose nanofibers and nanopapers from Wodyetia bifurcata fruits: a sustainable approach with emphasis on process optimization and tensile property assessment

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Abstract

Nanocellulose emerges as a highly promising material with versatile applications, offering solutions to environmental and sustainability challenges. This study delves into the extraction of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from Wodyetia bifurcata fruit pulp through mild oxalic acid hydrolysis assisted by steam explosion. To ensure environmental compatibility, chlorine-free pre-treatments were applied to eliminate non-cellulosic components. Chemical composition analysis verified the effective removal of non-cellulosic elements, validated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of type I cellulose α-polymorph in the CNF, while a crystallinity index of 60% was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed a fibrous morphology with a fiber diameter ranging from 9 to 36 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was employed to corroborate the observed fiber diameter. Mild acid hydrolysis elevated the maximum degradation temperature (Tmax) of CNF to 39 °C compared to the pristine sample. Furthermore, this research explores the application of CNFs in nanopaper development using a casting method. The resulting nanopapers exhibited a tensile strength of ~ 17 MPa and a transmittance of 25%. These nanopapers present a viable pathway toward eco-friendly products in various industries, promising to revolutionize upcoming sustainable packaging technologies.

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All of the data sets that were included and/or examined in the present study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude to SAIF STIC, CUSAT, for the chemical analysis. Dr. Midhun Dominic C.D would like to thank Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Thevara, for the Sacred Heart Research Initiative (SHRI) seed money (SHC/IQAC/SHRI/2022-23/03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Pandit Karuppan Road, Thevara, Kochi, Kerala, 682013, India

    Sameera Sankar & Midhun Dominic C. D.

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, Kerala, 682022, India

    Neenu K. V. & P. M. Sabura Begum

  3. AU – Sophisticated Testing and Instrumentation Center, Alliance University, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 562106, India

    Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai

  4. Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India

    T. G. Ajithkumar & Ankita Shelke

  5. Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, Kerala, 682022, India

    Bipinbal Parambath Kanoth

  6. Department of Chemistry, St. Paul’s College, Kalamassery, Ernakulam, Kerala, 691001, India

    Tresa Sunitha George

  7. Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 57000, Metz, France

    Michael Badawi

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  1. Sameera Sankar
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  2. Neenu K. V.
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  10. Midhun Dominic C. D.
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Contributions

Sameera Sankar: investigation, Neenu K. V.: writing—original draft, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai: writing, reviewing and editing, T. G. Ajithkumar: formal analysis, Ankita Shelke: data curation, P. M. Sabura Begum: supervision, Bipinbal Parambath Kanoth: formal analysis, Tresa Sunitha George: data curation, Michael Badawi: resources, supervision, project administration, writing, reviewing and editing, Midhun Dominic C. D.: conceptualization, methodology, visualization, supervision, project administration, writing, reviewing and editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Michael Badawi or Midhun Dominic C. D..

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Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process

During the preparation of this work, the corresponding author (Midhun Dominic C D) used ChatGpt in order to improve the language and readability. After using this tool/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.

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Sankar, S., K. V., N., Parameswaranpillai, J. et al. Green engineering of cellulose nanofibers and nanopapers from Wodyetia bifurcata fruits: a sustainable approach with emphasis on process optimization and tensile property assessment. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05751-7

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