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An Updated Earthquake Catalogue and Source Model for Seismic Hazard Analysis of Pakistan

  • Research Article-Civil Engineering
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Abstract

In this study, an updated earthquake catalogue and seismic source model for Pakistan region (bounded by latitude 20°–40° N and longitude 58°–83° E) are developed. The updated catalogue consists of published historical (10 to 1900 CE) and instrumental earthquake events (1900 to 2018 CE) with moment magnitude (Mw) ≥ 4.0. For this purpose, several international and national databases were accessed for collecting the historical and instrumentally recorded earthquake events occurred in the study region. The collected data from various sources were homogenized in a single moment magnitude scale. Several empirical relations were developed for conversion of earthquake magnitude in other scales to moment magnitude. The datasets are homogenized, declustered, and processed to evaluate complete intervals for different magnitude ranges. Using the developed catalogue and considering the seismo-tectonic features of the region, a number of shallow and deep area source zones are delineated to develop an improved seismic source model for Pakistan. The source model for spatially smoothed background seismicity is also developed using the updated catalogue. The developed catalogue and seismic source models can be reliably used to conduct an updated probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Pakistan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Asad ur Rahman, Atif Rasheed, Fawad Ahmed Najam, Irfan Ahmad Rana & Faheem Aslam

  2. University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Jalozai Campus, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Saeed Zaman

  3. CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Sibghat Ullah Khan

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  1. Asad ur Rahman
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Appendices

Appendix: Data Sources

The data sources used for the compilation of earthquake catalogue comprises of the available literature, international databases, and local databases. Information about these sources are available online, but a brief introduction of these sources is presented here.

International Sources

  1. (a)

    International Seismological Centre (ISC)

    The ISC http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/catalogue/ is established in 1964, carrying the work of its predecessor International Seismological Summary (ISS). The ISS published its first bulletin in 1918. ISC is the international archive for reliable earthquake events. It contains all the data from PDE and hundreds of other regional and local sources. The reviewed earthquake’s origin by ISC is considered most reliable [33]. About 10,000 events on average are reviewed per month, in which approximately 40% events are manually reviewed.

  2. (b)

    Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE)

    PDE is the archival of the USGS earthquake catalogue. It contains the origin, magnitude, and arrival time of earthquake events located by the National Earthquake Information Centre (NEIC) and other contributing U.S national and foreign sources. In 1940, NEIC produced its first monthly publication, which was called the Preliminary Determination of Epicenter or PDE. The NEIC established in 1966 by the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) is likely to report the origin, time, and size of earthquakes rapidly worldwide.

  3. (c)

    Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT)

    The project was started by Adam Dziewonski at Harvard University by the name Harvard CMT project from 1982 to 2006. After 2006, the research moves forward under the name “The Global Centroid Moment Tensor.” The project has the aim to calculate CMT solutions for events having magnitude greater than \({M}_{w}= 5.5\). The catalogue of GCMT can be accessed online at http://www.globalcmt.org.

Local Sources

In Pakistan, the local seismic station’s network started working back in 1954 with the installation of World Wide Standard Seismographic Network (WWSSN) by United States Geological Survey (USGS). In 1975, the Micro Seismic Study Program (MSSP) under the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) installed a seismic stations network. This network comprises of 30 seismic stations all over Pakistan. After the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD) decided to expand its seismic station’s network by installing the broadband sensors and accelerometers.

  1. (a)

    National Geophysical Data Centre (NGDC)

    The National Geophysical Data Centre provides important historical earthquake events ranges in date from 2150 BCE to the present. The events are compiled from the previous literature, local and worldwide catalogues, and single event reports. Earthquake origin information of the recent historical events is obtained from the PDE. Local Sources.

  2. (b)

    Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD):

    The Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) started recording earthquake events in 1974 in Pakistan and nearby areas. The PMD provides 58 events for the period of \(\mathrm{AD}\,25-1905\,\mathrm{CE}\) [63]. Many of those are extracted from the catalogue of [30]. PMD has installed twenty seismic monitoring stations all over the Pakistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. These stations contain broadband (120 s) sensors. PMD central recording stations are located at Karachi and Islamabad and connected through satellite communication system with all other stations. PMD has also started a programme for the installation of a short period (1 s) sensors for the close monitoring of fault and local seismicity. There is also a Global Seismographic Network (GSN) station located in Islamabad, Nilore. The Global Seismographic Network is a digital network of seismological and geophysical sensors, connected through a telecommunications network, used for monitoring, research, and education. GSN is developed by the partnership of the USGS, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). The GSN has 150 modern seismic stations all over the world. GSN data are stored in the IRIS Data Management Centre.

  3. (c)

    Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)

    Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) established a seismic network of nine short periods, VHF radio telemetered stations in 1973 around Tarbela dam with the help of Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, USA. Now, Wapda’s seismic monitoring system consists of 29 online stations powered up by the solar system and connected to Tarbela data centre via the V-sat communication system. Ten online stations around the Tarbela dam project, six online stations around Dasu dam project, three online stations around Bunji dam project, and ten online stations around Basha dam.

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Rahman, A.u., Rasheed, A., Najam, F.A. et al. An Updated Earthquake Catalogue and Source Model for Seismic Hazard Analysis of Pakistan. Arab J Sci Eng 46, 5219–5241 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05439-4

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