Abstract
In this work, solid-state mechanical alloying (MA) and cold spraying (CS) processes were applied to fabricate powder AlNiCoFeCrTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) and then to produce HE coatings on steel substrate. Shot-time MA for 3 h has been employed to synthesize nanostructured equiatomic AlNiCoFeCrTi HEA of metastable supersaturated substitutional solid solution with bcc crystal structure. Although alloying is not complete at this shot milling time, it goes to completion during thermal annealing to achieve the alloy formation. XRD study on mechanically alloyed high-entropy AlNiCoFeCrTi alloy after thermal annealing at 1200 °C for 1 h revealed the formation of a three-phase structure consisting of ordered bcc phase with fine precipitates of intermetallic σ-phase (FeCr) and titanium carbide TiC. The powder agglomerates resulted from annealing were grinded in a ball mill for 1 h. Nanostructured disordered bcc solid solution, TiC and σ-phases are noticed after milling. Coatings of 450 μm in mean thickness were deposited by the CS process using an air like a working gas, temperature and pressure of 450 °C and 0.9 MPa, respectively. The experimental results confirm that CS process can be used to produce HE coatings with low porosity. As a low-temperature deposition process, CS completely retained the HEA phase composition and nanostructure in the coating without any phase transformation. The AlFeNiCoCrTi HE coatings exhibit 10.3 ± 0.3 GPa in Vickers hardness.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajdelsztajn L, Zúñiga A, Jodoin B, Lavernia EJ (2006) Cold gas dynamic spraying of a high temperature Al alloy. Surf Coat Technol 201(6):2109–2116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.06.001
Alaneme KK, Bodunrin MO, Oke SR (2016) Processing, alloy composition and phase transition effect on the mechanical and corrosion properties of high entropy alloys: a review. J Mater Res Technol 5(4):384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2016.03.004
Alkhimov AP, Papyrin AN, Kosarev VF et al (1994) Gas-dynamic spraying method for applying a coating. US Patent 5302414
Ang ASM, Berndt CC, Sesso ML et al (2014) Plasma-sprayed high entropy alloys: microstructure and properties of AlCoCrFeNi and MnCoCrFeNi. Metall Mater Trans A 46(2):791–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2644-z
Anupam A, Kumar S, Chavan NM, Murty BS, Kottada RS (2019) First report on cold-sprayed AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy and its isothermal oxidation. J Mater Res. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.38
Assadi H, Gärtner F, Stoltenhoff T, Kreye H (2003) Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying. Acta Mater 51(15):4379–4394. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(03)00274-x
Cai Z, Cui X, ** G, Liu Z, Li Y, Dong M (2017a) TEM observation on phase separation and interfaces of laser surface alloyed high-entropy alloy coating. Micron 103:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2017.10.001
Cai Z, Wang Y, Cui X, ** G, Li Y, Liu Z, Dong M (2017b) Design and microstructure characterization of FeCoNiAlCu high-entropy alloy coating by plasma cladding: In comparison with thermodynamic calculation. Surf Coat Technol 330:163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.083
Chang Z-C (2018) Structure and properties of duodenary (TiVCrZrNbMoHfTaWAlSi)N coatings by reactive magnetron sputtering. Mater Chem Phys 220:98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.08.068
Dong Y, Lu Y, Kong J, Zhang J, Li T (2013) Microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-component AlCrFeNiMox high-entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd 573:96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.253
Gao MC, Yeh J-W, Liaw PK, Zhang Y (2016) High-entropy alloys. Fundament Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27013-5
Grujicic M, Zhao C, DeRosset W, Helfritch D (2004) Adiabatic shear instability based mechanism for particles/substrate bonding in the cold-gas dynamic-spray process. Mater Des 25(8):681–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.03.008
Guo S, Liu CT (2011) Phase stability in high entropy alloys: formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase. Progress Nat Sci Mater Int 21(6):433–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0071(12)60080-x
Guo S, Ng C, Lu J, Liu CT (2011) Effect of valence electron concentration on stability of fcc or bcc phase in high entropy alloys. J Appl Phys 109(10):103505. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3587228
Hsu C-Y, Juan C-C, Wang W-R, Sheu T-S, Yeh J-W, Chen S-K (2011) On the superior hot hardness and softening resistance of AlCoCrxFeMo05Ni high-entropy alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 528(10–11):3581–3588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.01.072
Jodoin B, Ajdelsztajn L, Sansoucy E, Zúñiga A, Richer P, Lavernia EJ (2006) Effect of particle size, morphology, and hardness on cold gas dynamic sprayed aluminum alloy coatings. Surf Coat Technol 201(6):3422–3429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.07.232
Kumar A, Nayak SK, Bijalwan P, Dutta M, Banerjee A, Laha T (2019) Optimization of mechanical and corrosion properties of plasma sprayed low-chromium containing Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composite coating. Surf Coat Technol 370:255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.010
Li Y, Wang X, Yin S, Xu S (2012) Influence of particle initial temperature on high velocity impact process in cold spraying. Proc Environ Sci 12:298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.281
Microtrac S3500 (2011) Tri-laser system, particle size analyser. https://www.microtrac.com. Accessed 28 June 2016
Miracle DB, Senkov ON (2017) A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Mater 122:448–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081
Moridi A, Hassani-Gangaraj SM, Guagliano M, Dao M (2014) Cold spray coating: review of material systems and future perspectives. Surf Eng 30(6):369–395. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743294414y.0000000270
Murty BS, Ranganathan S (1998) Novel materials synthesis by mechanical alloying/milling. Int Mater Rev 43(3):101–141. https://doi.org/10.1179/imr.1998.43.3.101
Murty BS, Yeh J-W, Ranganathan S (2014) High-entropy alloys. Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-14235-3
Papyrin A, Kosarev V, Klinkov S, Alkhimov A, Fomin V (2007) Cold spray technology. Elsevier Science, Novosibirsk
Pickering EJ, Jones NG (2016) High-entropy alloys: a critical assessment of their founding principles and future prospects. Int Mater Rev 61(3):183–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2016.1180020
Raoelison RN, **e Y, Sapanathan T, Planche MP, Kromer R, Costil S, Langlade C (2018) Cold gas dynamic spray technology: a comprehensive review of processing conditions for various technological developments till to date. Addit Manuf 19:134–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.07.001
Rokni MR, Nutt SR, Widener CA, Champagne VK, Hrabe RH (2017) Review of Relationship Between Particle Deformation, Coating Microstructure, and Properties in High-Pressure Cold Spray. J Therm Spray Technol 26(6):1308–1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-017-0575-0
Stoltenhoff T, Kreye H, Richter HJ (2002) An analysis of the cold spray process and its coatings. J Therm Spray Technol 11(4):542–550. https://doi.org/10.1361/105996302770348682
Sui HX, Zhu M, Qi M, Li GB, Yang DZ (1992) The enhancement of solid solubility limits of AlCo intermetallic compound by high-energy ball milling. J Appl Phys 71(6):2945–2949. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351028
Suryanarayana C (2001) Mechanical alloying and milling. Progr Mater Sci 46(1–2):1–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6425(99)00010-9
Suryanarayana C, Ivanov E, Boldyrev V (2001) The science and technology of mechanical alloying. Mater Sci Eng A 304–306:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01465-9
Tsai M-H, Yeh J-W (2014) High-entropy alloys: a critical review. Mater Res Lett 2(3):107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2014.912690
Tsai M-H, Tsai R-C, Chang T, Huang W-F (2019) Intermetallic phases in high-entropy alloys: statistical analysis of their prevalence and structural inheritance. Metals 9(2):247. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020247
Vaidya M, Muralikrishna GM, Murty BS (2019) High-entropy alloys by mechanical alloying: a review. J Mater Res 34(5):664–686. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.37
Varalakshmi S, Kamaraj M, Murty BS (2010) Formation and stability of equiatomic and nonequiatomic nanocrystalline CuNiCoZnAlTi high-entropy alloys by mechanical alloying. Metall Mater Trans A 41(10):2703–2709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0344-x
Wang LM, Chen CC, Yeh J-W, Ke ST (2011) The microstructure and strengthening mechanism of thermal spray coating NixCo0.6Fe0.2CrySizAlTi0.2 high-entropy alloys. Mater Chem Phys 126(3):880–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.12.022
Watson TJ, Nardi A, Ernst AT, Cernatescu I, Bedard BA, Aindow M (2017) Cold spray deposition of an icosahedral-phase-strengthened aluminum alloy coating. Surf Coat Technol 324:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.049
Ye YF, Wang Q, Lu J, Liu CT, Yang Y (2016) High-entropy alloy: challenges and prospects. Mater Today 19(6):349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.11.026
Yeh J-W, Chang S-Y, Hong Y-D, Chen S-K, Lin S-J (2007a) Anomalous decrease in X-ray diffraction intensities of Cu–Ni–Al–Co–Cr–Fe–Si alloy systems with multi-principal elements. Mater Chem Phys 103(1):41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.01.003
Yeh J-W, Chen YL, Lin SJ, Chen SK (2007b) High-entropy alloys—a new era of exploitation. Mater Sci Forum 560:1–9. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.560.1
Yin S, Cavaliere P, Aldwell B, Jenkins R, Liao H, Li W, Lupoi R (2018a) Cold spray additive manufacturing and repair: fundamentals and applications. Addit Manuf 21:628–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.017
Yin S, Li W, Song B et al (2018b) Deposition of FeCoNiCrMn high entropy alloy (HEA) coating via cold spraying. J Mater Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.12.015
Yurkova AI, Chernyavskii VV, Gorban VF (2016) Structure and mechanical properties of high-entropy AlCuNiFeTi and AlCuNiFeCr alloys produced by mechanical activation followed by pressure sintering. Powder Metall Met Ceram 55(3–4):152–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-016-9790-3
Yurkova AI, Cherniavsky VV, Bolbut V, Krüger M, Bogomol I (2019) Structure formation and mechanical properties of the high-entropy AlCuNiFeCr alloy prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. J Alloy Compd 786:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.341
Zhang H, Pan Y, He Y-Z (2011) Synthesis and characterization of FeCoNiCrCu high-entropy alloy coating by laser cladding. Mater Des 32(4):1910–1915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.12.001
Zhang S, Wu CL, Yi JZ, Zhang CH (2015) Synthesis and characterization of FeCoCrAlCu high-entropy alloy coating by laser surface alloying. Surf Coat Technol 262:64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.12.013
Zhang W, Tang R, Yang ZB et al (2018) Preparation, structure, and properties of high-entropy alloy multilayer coatings for nuclear fuel cladding: a case study of AlCrMoNbZr/(AlCrMoNbZr)N. J Nucl Mater 512:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.10.001
Zhang Y, Zhou YJ, Lin JP, Chen GL, Liaw PK (2008) Solid-Solution Phase Formation Rules for Multi-component Alloys. Adv Eng Mater 10(6):534–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200700240
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hushchyk, D.V., Yurkova, A.I., Cherniavsky, V.V. et al. Nanostructured AlNiCoFeCrTi high-entropy coating performed by cold spray. Appl Nanosci 10, 4879–4890 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01364-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01364-4