Abstract
In the present work, pond clay was modified with lanthanum and applied for fluoride uptake from an aqueous environment. The clay soil was treated with a 0.1 M solution of lanthanum oxide and heated at 500 ℃ for 90 min in a muffle furnace. The modified clay was characterized by the following techniques: particle size analysis, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, pH at the zero point of charge, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption experiments revealed that modified clay soil was very effective in removing fluoride with an adsorption capacity of 1.96 mg/g. The fluoride removal was followed well with Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.999), pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 1), and the adsorption was an exothermic process. The performance of lanthanum-modified clay (LMC) in a fixed bed column was evaluated using different models, including the Thomas, Adams–Bohart, Yoon–Nelson, and Clark models. A regeneration study was compared with NaOH and NaHCO3 and successfully performed for four adsorption cycles. A probable mechanism is proposed including ligand exchange, electrostatic attraction, and inner complexation for fluoride adsorption on the LMC. The developed adsorbent was also tested for the treatment of natural groundwater.
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Acknowledgements
Financial support was provided by the Science and Engineering Research Board, India, Reference no. ECR/2016/001924 is gratefully acknowledged. This study was also supported by Kwangwoon University research grant-2021. We are thankful to Dr. Dhruv Sen Singh, Department of Geology, University of Lucknow for his help in the analysis of grain size of clay soil. One of us (C. Bhan) is highly thankful to the University Grant Commission (UGC), Government of India for providing UGC-NFSC Fellowship.
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CB: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation. JS: supervision. YCS: writing—reviewing and editing. JRK: reviewing, editing, and finalization.
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Bhan, C., Singh, J., Sharma, Y.C. et al. Synthesis of lanthanum-modified clay soil-based adsorbent for the fluoride removal from an aqueous solution and groundwater through batch and column process: mechanism and kinetics. Environ Earth Sci 81, 253 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10377-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10377-x