SpringerLink
Log in

Estimation of evaporation for Lake Van

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An evaporation study was conducted at Van Lake, one of the largest soda lakes on Earth, which is located on a high plateau in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Evaporation on a daily basis for the Gevaş station located at the southeastern shore of the lake was calculated using the Bowen ratio energy budget (BREB), Priestley–Taylor, deBruin–Keijman, Penman, and deBruin methods. The calculated evaporation values were then compared and tested with previously calculated and measured evaporation rates. Compared with available measured evaporation data, the best evaporation estimations (within ±0.5 mm/day) were made by the BREB method. The BREB calculations made in this study were statistically significant at the confidence level of 99.9 % for estimation of evaporation at the Gevaş station. Relationships between the calculated BREB evaporations and historical climatic records were also examined to propose a new empirical equation for evaporation estimation for the case of Lake Van. The best regression equation with a coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.9399 was found between BREB evaporation values and incoming solar radiation (Q s) values. A power regression model proposed to estimate daily evaporation rates from Q s values was statistically significant at the confidence level of 99.9 %. Additionally, a few regression models were also examined to predict the surface water temperature of Lake Van from recorded air temperature. The highest coefficient of determination (0.974) and moderate standard error (3.12 °C) values were obtained from a polynomial air–water temperature model. Estimated lake water temperatures using the polynomial model were within ±10 % of observed lake water temperatures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ali S, Ghosh NC, Singh R (2008) Evaluating best evaporation estimate model for water surface evaporation in semi-arid region, India. Hydrol Process 22(8):1093–1106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen RG, Tasumi M (2005) Evaporation from American Falls reservoir in Idaho via a combination of Bowen ratio and eddy covariance. In: Proceedings of the 2005 EWRI conference, 15–19 May 2005, Anchorage, AK. pp 1–17

  • Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration–guide for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490E00.htm. Accessed 23 Jan 2015

  • Anderson ER (1954) Energy-budget studies, in water-loss investigations: Lake Hefner studies. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 269:71–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Aydin H, Ekmekci M, Tezcan L, Disli E, Aksoy N, Yalcin MP, Ozcan G (2009) Assessment of water resources potential of Gürpınar (Van) karst springs with regard to sustainable management. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-ÇAYDAG), Project No: 106Y040, Ankara (in Turkish)

  • Benzaghta MA, Mohammed TA, Ekhmaj AI (2012) Prediction of evaporation from Algardabiya reservoir. Libyan Agric Res Cent J Int 3:120–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen IS (1926) The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Phys Rev 27:779–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brutsaert W (1982) Evaporation into the atmosphere: theory, history and applications, 1st edn. D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Çelik M (1999) Causes of water level fluctuation of Lake Van. Fırat University, MSc Dissertation, Elazığ (in Turkish)

  • Cheng L, Zhang L, Wang YP, Yu Q, Eamus D, O’Grady A (2014) Impacts of elevated CO2, climate change and their interactions on water budgets in four different catchments in Australia. J Hydrol 519:1350–1361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton MS, Aulenbach BT, Torak LJ (2004) Ground-water and surface-water flow and estimated water budget for Lake Seminole, northwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida. US Geol Surv Sci Investig Rep 49:2004–5073

  • Das MM, Saikia MD (2009) Hydrology. PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • deBruin HAR (1978) A simple model for shallow lake evaporation. J Appl Meteorol 17:1132–1134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • deBruin HAR, Keijman JQ (1979) The Priestley–Taylor evaporation model applied to a large, shallow lake in the Netherlands. J Appl Meteorol 18:898–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Degens ET, Kurtman F (1978) The geology of Lake Van. MTA Press, Publication No. 169. Ankara

  • Degens ET, Wong HK, Kempe S, Kurtman F (1984) A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Geol Rundsch 73:701–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demiröz E, Güler S, Dirican A, Özaydın V (1998) Identification of isotopic and chemical behaviour and water balance of Lake Van and its vicinity, Technical Research and Quality Control Department of State Hydraulic Works, Publication No: 920, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish)

  • Derecki JA (1976) Heat storage and advection in Lake Erie. Water Resour Res 12:1144–1150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinka MO, Loiskandl W, Ndambuki JM (2014) Hydrologic modelling for Lake Basaka: development and application of a conceptual water budget model. Environ Monit Assess 186:5363–5379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duzen H (2011) Hydrogeological approach to water level changes in Lake Van. Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc Dissertation, Van (in Turkish)

  • Duzen H, Aydin H (2012) Sunshine-based estimation of global solar radiation on horizontal surface at Lake Van region (Turkey). Energy Convers Manag 58:35–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edinger JE, Duttweil DW, Geyer JC (1968) Response of water temperatures to meteorological conditions. Water Resour Res 4:1137–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EİE (2007) Lake levels (1943–2005). General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish)

  • EİE (2009) Water quality monitoring of surface waters of Turkey (2003–2005). General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish)

  • Elsawwaf M, Willems P, Pagno A, Berlamont J (2010) Evaporation estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt, based on three floating station and Bowen ratio energy budget. Theor Appl Climatol 100:439–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erol F (1996) Mathematical modeling approach to Lake Van level changes. Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc Dissertation, Van (in Turkish)

  • Fathian F, Morid S, Kahya E (2015) Identification of trends in hydrological and climatic variables in Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Theor Appl Climatol 119:443–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finch JW, Hall RL (2001) Estimation of open water evaporation. Environ Agency, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  • Gençsoy İ (1997) Relationships of hydrometeorological parameters with water level changes in Lake Van. Istanbul Technical University, MSc Dissertation, Istanbul (in Turkish)

  • Itier B, Brunet Y (1996) Recent developments and present trends in evaporation research: a partial survey. In: Proceedings of the international conference on evapotranspiration and irrigation scheduling, San Antonio, Texas, pp 1–20

  • Johnson MF, Wilby RL, Toone JA (2014) Inferring air-water temperature relationships from river and catchment properties. Hydrol Process 28:2912–2928

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones FE (1992) Evaporation of water: with emphasis on applications and measurements. Lewis Publishers, Michigan

    Google Scholar 

  • Karaoǧlu Ö, Özdemir Y, Tolluoǧlu AÜ, Karabiyikoǧlu M, Köse O, Froger JL (2005) Stratigraphy of the volcanic products around Nemrut caldera: implications for reconstruction of the caldera formation. Turk J Earth Sci 14:123–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavak MT, Karadoğan S (2012) Investigation water surface temperature variation of Lake Van using AVHRR. In: IV. Symposium on remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS UZAL-2012), 16–19 Oct 2012, Zonguldak, Turkey (in Turkish)

  • Keskin M (2007) Eastern Anatolia: a hot spot in a collision zone without a mantle plume. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 430:693–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocyiğit A (2013) New field and seismic data about the intraplate strike-slip deformation in Van region, East Anatolian plateau, E. Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 62:586–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapworth CF (1965) Evaporation from a reservoir near London. J Inst Water Environ Manag 19:163–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee TM, Swancar A (1997) Influence of evaporation, ground water, and uncertainty in the hydrologic budget of Lake Lucerne, a seepage lake in Polk County, Florida. US Geol Survey Prof Pap No 2439

  • Legates DR, McCabe GJ Jr (1999) Evaluating the use of “goodness-of-fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resour Res 35:233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litt T, Krastel S, Sturm M, Kipfer R, Örçen S, Heumann G, Franz SO, Ülgen UB, Niessen F (2009) ‘PALEOVAN’, International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP): site survey results and perspectives. Quat Sci Rev 28:1555–1567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez EM, Nejadhashemi AP, Woznicki SA, Love BJ (2014) Modeling the hydrological significance of wetland restoration scenarios. J Environ Manag 133:121–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mather JR (1978) The climatic water balance in environmental analysis. D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays LW (2010) Water resources engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuinness JL, Bordne EF (1972) A Comparison of lysimeter-derived potential evapotranspiration with computed values. U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 1452, Washington, DC

  • Moghaddasi M, Morid S, Araghinejad S, Alikhani A (2010) Assessment of irrigation water allocation based on optimization and equitable water reduction approaches to reduce agricultural drought losses: the 1999 drought in the Zayandeh Rud irrigation system (Iran). Irrig Drain 59:377–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monteith JL (1965) Evaporation and environment. In: Symposia of the society experimental biology, vol 19, pp 205–234

  • Mutreja KN (1986) Applied hydrology, 2nd edn. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash JE, Sutcliffe JV (1970) River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I—a discussion of principles. J Hydrol 10:282–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özdoğan M (2011) Climate change impacts on snow water availability in the Euphrates-Tigris basin. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 15:2789–2803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penman HL (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proc R Soc Lond 193:120–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez PJ, Castellvi F, Martinez-Cob A (2008) A Simple model for estimating the Bowen ratio from climatic factors for determining latent and sensible heat fluxes. Agric For Meteorol 148:27–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piccolroaz S, Toffolon M, Majone B (2013) A simple lumped model to convert air temperature into surface water temperature in lakes. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 17:3323–3338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen AH, Hondzo M, Stefan HG (1995) A test of several evaporation equations for water temperature simulations in lakes. Water Resour Bull 31:1023–1028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer A, Landmann G, Kempe S (2009) Lake Van, eastern Anatolia, hydrochemistry and history. Aquat Geochem 15:195–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roads JO, Chen S (2001) Surface water and energy budgets for the Mississippi Catchment Area from global reanalysis and a regional climate model. Phys Chem Earth (B) 26:369–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberry DO, Stannard DI, Winter TC, Martinez ML (2004) Comparison of 13 equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, USA. Wetlands 24:483–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberry DO, Winter TC, Buso DC, Likens GE (2007) Comparison of 15 evaporation models applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA. J Hydrol 340:149–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott J, Rosen MR, Saito L, Decker DL (2011) The influence of irrigation water on the hydrology and lake water budgets of two small arid-climate lakes in Khorezm, Uzbekistan. J Hydrol 410:114–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sene KJ, Gash JHC, McNeil DD (1991) Evaporation from a tropical lake: comparison of theory with direct measurements. J Hydrol 127:193–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey–a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75:181–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şensoy S, Demircan M, Ulupınar M, Balta I (2008) Climate of Turkey, Turkish State Meteorological Service (DMI). http://www.DMI.gov.tr/files/en-US/climateofturkey.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2014

  • SHODB (1983) Bathymetric map of Lake Van. Turkish Naval Forces, Department of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, Istanbul

  • Shuttleworth WJ (1988) Evaporation from Amazonian rainforest. Proc R Soc Lond 233:321–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shuttleworth WJ (1993) Evaporation. In: Maidment DR (ed) Handbook of hydrology, vol 4. R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, New York, pp 1–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Şorman AU (2002) Estimation of Lake Van water budget by using remote sensing techniques, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-INTAG), Project No: 830, Ankara, (in Turkish)

  • Sorooshian S, AghaKouchak A, Nguyen P, Norouzi H, Azarderakhsh M, Madani K, Mirchi A, Nazemi A, Hassanzadeh E (2014) Monitoring Lake Urmia from space: spatial variability and precipitation trends. Workshop on Integrated River Basin Modeling, Emphasizing on Lake Urmia Basin. Tarbiat Modares University, 17 Nov 2014, Tehran, Iran

  • Stewart RB, Rouse WR (1976) A simple equation for determining the evaporation from shallow lakes and ponds. Water Resour Res 12:623–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Cohen S, Assouline S, Lange F, Grava A, Berger D, Teltch B, Parlange MB (2008) Evaporation from a small water reservoir: direct measurements and estimates. J Hydrol 351:218–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Türkelli N (1995) The seismo-tectonic structure of Eastern Anatolia and relationship between water level rise of Lake Van and seismicity. In: Symposium on causes and solutions of water level rise in Lake Van, 20–22 June 1995, Van (in Turkish)

  • Ulusoy I, Çubukçu HE, Aydar E, Labazuy P, Ersoy O, Sen E, Gourgaud A (2012) Volcanological evolution and caldera forming eruptions of Mt. Nemrut (Eastern Turkey). J Volcanol Geoth Res 245:21–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valiantzas JD (2006) Simplified versions for the Penman evaporation equation using routine weather data. J Hydrol 331:690–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallet-Coulomb C, Legesse D, Gasse F, Travi Y, Chernet T (2001) Lake evaporation estimates in tropical Africa (Lake Ziway, Ethiopa). J Hydrol 245:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viessman W Jr, Lewis GL (1996) Introduction to hydrology, 4th edn. Harper Collins College Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Huang J, Li J, Rivera A, McKenney DW, Sheffield J (2014) Assessment of water budget for sixteen large drainage basins in Canada. J Hydrol 512:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb BW, Clack PD, Walling DE (2003) Water-air temperature relationships in a Devon river system and the role of flow. Hydrol Process 17:3069–3084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter TC, Rosenberry DO, Sturrock AM (1995) Evaluation of 11 equations for determining evaporation for a small lake in the north central United States. Water Resour Res 31:983–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter TC, Buso DC, Rosenberry DO, Likens GE, Sturrock AM, Mau DP (2003) Evaporation determined by the energy-budget method for Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. Limnol Oceanogr 48:995–1009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wurbs RA, Ayala RA (2014) Reservoir evaporation in Texas, USA. J Hydrol 510:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yılmaz Y, Güner Y, Şaroğlu F (1998) Geology of the quaternary volcanic centers of the east Anatolia. J Volcanol Geoth Res 85:173–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Song Y (2014) Optimization of wetland restoration siting and zoning in flood retention areas of river basins in China: a case study in Mengwa, Huaihe River Basin. J Hydrol 519:80–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful and thank the Turkish State Meteorological Service (DMI) for providing the meteorological data. We acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and for their valuable comments and suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey

    Harun Aydin

  2. Department of Geological Engineering, Dumlupınar University, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey

    Hüseyin Karakuş

Authors
  1. Harun Aydin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hüseyin Karakuş
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harun Aydin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aydin, H., Karakuş, H. Estimation of evaporation for Lake Van. Environ Earth Sci 75, 1275 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6077-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6077-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation