SpringerLink
Log in

International Equivalence of 60Co: Sir Measurements of BIPM Comparison

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
MAPAN Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The concept of equivalence was formulated to harmonize the different standards developed and maintained by national metrology institutes (NMIs) worldwide. Equivalence of a NMI with other NMIs or designated institute (DIs) is realized through international comparisons. International comparisons ensure the consistency and accuracy of measurements of various radionuclides that are carried out in laboratories worldwide. Organizing key comparisons by CCRI(II) meeting the requirement of NMIs/DIs for various radionuclides is challenging and cumbersome. Consequently, Syst`eme International de R´ef´erence (SIR), a system that enables NMIs to compare measurements standards over a wide spectrum of radionuclides, was approved by Section II of Consultative Committee on Ionising Radiation (CCRI II). Under this SIR intercomparison programme, BARC standardized radioactive solution of 60Co by the primary methods using the 4π β-γ coincidence systems which are indigenously developed and maintained at BARC. The degree of equivalence (Di) of BARC for 60Co (BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Co-60) comparison is Di =  − 13 ± 42 kBq at expanded uncertainty (k = 2). This comparison demonstrates the measurement equivalence for 60Co, and inclusion of BARC equivalent activity in KCRV indicates the consistency of the measurements and the standards maintained at BARC. This paper describes the various methods used for standardizing 60Co and the results of the comparison.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. MRA (1999) Mutual Recognition of National Measurement Standards and of Calibration and Measurement Certificates Issued by National Metrology Institutes International Committee for Weights and Measures pp. 45.

  2. M.J. Woods, D.F.G. Reher and G. Ratel, Equivalence in radionuclide metrology. Appl. Radiat. Isot, 52 (2000) 313–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. BIPM, Mutual recognition of national measurement standards and of measurement certificates issued by national metrology institutes. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  4. R. Coulon, C. Michotte1 S. Courte, M. Nonis,W.M. van Wyngaardt, M.L. Smith, A.H.H. Bowan,C.M.B. Keevers, E.L. Clark, M. Zari, A. Ravindra, D.B. Kulkarni, R. Sharma, M. Capogni, P. De Felice,M. Capone, P. Carconi, A. Fazio, C. Bobin, P.A. Lima da Cruz, C.J. da Silva, R. Lins da Silva, A. Leiras, J. de Almeida Rangel, M. Aguiar Leobino da Silva, A. Iwahara, D.E. Bergeron, J.T. Cessna, R.P. Fitzgerald, L. Laureano-Perez, L. Pibida, M.W. Van Rooy, J. Lubbe, M.J. van Staden, R. Shearman9, J. Keightley, A. Pearce, N. Ramirez, E. Bendall, S. Collins, T. Ziemek, E. Lech, P. Saganowski, M. Czudek, A. Listkowska, O. Nahle, K. Kossert, M.P. Takacs, M. Krivosik, I. Bonkova, (2023). Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Co-60 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 60Co to include the 2020 result of the PTB (Germany), the 2020 result of the NIST (United States), the 2020 result of the SMU (Slovakia), the 2021 result of the BARC (India), the 2021 result of the LNE-LNHB (France), the 2021 result of the POLATOM (Poland), the 2021 result of the ENEA-INMRI (Italy), the 2021 result of the NPL (United Kingdom), the 2021 result of the LNMRI-IRD (Brazil), the 2022 result of the NMISA (South Africa) and the 2022 result of the ANSTO (Australia). Metrologia, 60(1): 06010.

  5. L.R. Karam, Application of the CIPM MRA to radionuclide metrology. Metrologia, 44 (2007) 4–9.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. S.M. Judge, R.M. Coulon, M.G. Cox, L. Karam, P. Knoll, C. Michotte, Z. Msimang and B.E. Zimmerman, Traceability for nuclear medicine: the status of primary radioactivity standards. Metrologia, 60 (2023) 012001.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Rytz, The international reference system for activity measurements of γ-ray emitting nuclides. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 34 (1983) 1047–1056.

    Article  CAS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Rytz, International coherence of activity measurements. Env. Int., 1 (1978) 15.

    Article  CAS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. G. Ratel, The Syst`eme International de R´ef´erence and its application in key comparisons. Metrologia, 44 (2007) S7–S16. https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/4/S02.

    Article  ADS  CAS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. A.P. Baerg, Measurement of radioactive disintegration rate by the coincidence method. Metrologia, 2 (1966) 23.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. P.J. Campion, The standardization of radio isotopes by the beta gamma coincidence method using high efficiency detectors. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 4 (1959) 232–248.

    Article  CAS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. A.P. Baerg, The efficiency extrapolation method in coincidence counting. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 112(1–2) (1973) 143–150.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Anuradha, Leena Joseph, D.B. Kulkarni, R. Nathuram, V.V. Shaha and D.N. Sharma, Standardization of 192Ir solution at BARC. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 62 (2005) 645–648.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. R. Anuradha, D.B. Kulkarni, Leena Joseph and M.S. Kulkarni, Standardisation of Rhenium-188 and determination of calibration factors for secondary standard and radionuclide calibrator. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 152 (2019) 52–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. D.B. Kulkarni, R. Anuradha, L. Joseph and B.S. Tomar, Development of liquid scintillation based 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting system and demonstration of its performance by standardization of 60Co. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 72 (2013) 68–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Ravindra, D.B. Kulkarni, A.P. Das, L. Joseph, V. Sathian, S.S. Dahiwale and S.D. Dhole, Development of plastic scintillator based primary standard for activity measurements and its performance evaluation. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 166 (2020) 109365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. BIPM, (1975) Procedures for accurately diluting and dispensing radioactive solutions. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Monographie BIPM-1.

  18. V. Lourenço and C. Bobin, Weighing uncertainties in quantitative source preparation for radionuclide metrology. Metrologia, 52 (2015) S18.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Anuradha, D.B. Kulkarni, R. Sharma, S.S. Dahiwale, S.D. Dhole and V. Sathian, Activity measurement of mixed complex radionuclide like 152Eu with different methods. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 185 (2020) 110228.

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. Ravindra, D.B. Kulkarni, V. Sathian, P. Chaudhury, S.S. Dahiwale and S.D. Dhole, Standardisation of 133Ba by efficiency extrapolation method and calibration of ionisation chamber. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 174 (2021) 109744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Yunoki, Y. Sato, L. Joseph, A. Ravindra, D.B. Kulkarni, M. Yuan, K.B. Lee, J.M. Lee, A. Agusbudman, T.S. Park, P. da Cruz, C. da Silva, A. Iwahara, M. Zhang, J.C. Liang, H.R. Liu, M.J. van Staden, J. Lubbe, M.W. van Rooy, B.R.S. Simpson, S.N. Paukkachane, T. Soodprasert, P. Marsoem, H. Holnisar and G. Wurdiyanto, Report of APMP comparison of the activity measurements of Fe-59 (APMP.RI(II)-K2.Fe-59). Metrologia, 57(1A) (2020) 06002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. C. Michotte, G. Ratel, S. Courte, P. Arenillas, C. Balpardo, L. Joseph, R. Anuradha, D.B. Kulkarni, R. Galea, K. Moore, A. Stroak, M. Zhang, J. Liang and H. Liu, Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Co-60 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 60Co to include the 2011 result of the CNEA (Argentina), the 2012 results of the BARC (India) and the NRC (Canada), and the 2014 result of the NIM (China). Metrologia, 54(1A) (2017) 06002.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Pommé and J Keightley., Determination of a reference value and its uncertainty through a power-moderated mean. Metrologia, 52 (2015) S200.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India

    Anuradha Ravindra, D. B. Kulkarni, Ritu Sharma, V. Sathian & Probal Chaudhury

Authors
  1. Anuradha Ravindra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. B. Kulkarni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ritu Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. V. Sathian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Probal Chaudhury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anuradha Ravindra.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ravindra, A., Kulkarni, D.B., Sharma, R. et al. International Equivalence of 60Co: Sir Measurements of BIPM Comparison. MAPAN 39, 83–88 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-023-00702-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-023-00702-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation