SpringerLink
Log in

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs of Tripura, India

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Parasitic Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pigs breeds are an important livestock species mostly reared by economically lower incomesection of people in India. Within North-Eastern (NE) states, pig husbandry is very much popular hence maintain the livelihood of the rural native population. Gastrointentinal (GI) parasitic infectionisone of the major constraint in profitable pig production in this area. In the present study, the GI parasitism was investigated in 388 pigs in the three districts of Tripura, NE State of India. The examination of faecal samples revealed 61.65% overall prevalence of parasitic infestation, precisely6 GI parasitic species; including 4 nematodes and 2 protozoa, while 46.91% were the mixed infections.Metastrongylus spp. (17.53%), Strongyloids spp. (19.33%),Trichuris spp. (15.98%), Coccidia spp. (12.37%), and Balantidium coli (10.82%), were detected, however, Ascaris spp. was the most prevalentrecording 32.47%. The epidemiological factors including: age, sex, season, breed, area and farming system wise when considered as markers of study showed the highest prevalence of GI parasites in grower(6–12 months) stage, female, monsoon season, non-descript breeds, Khowai district and free range farming system, recorded 71.52%, 67.27%, 65.78%, 65.71%, 64.57%, and 69.44%, respectively. Overall, our study provides a baseline data for further investigation and formulation of strategies for control of GI parasitism in pigs in Tripura.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abonyi FO, Njoga EO (2020) Prevalence and determinants of gastrointestinal parasite infection in intensively managed pigs in Nsukka agricultural zone, Southeast. Nigeria J Parasit Dis 44(1):31–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Thapa S, Ghimire TR (2021) Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) in south-central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 7:1820–1830

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bautista-Garfias CR, Castañeda-Ramírez GS, Estrada-Reyes ZM, Soares FEF, Ventura-Cordero J, González-Pech PG, Morgan ER, Soria-Ruiz J, López-Guillén G, Aguilar-Marcelino L (2022) A Review of the impact of climate change on the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematode infections in small ruminants and wildlife in tropical conditions. Pathogens 11(2):148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boes J, Willingham AL, Fuhui S, Xuguang H, Eriksen L, Nansen P, Stewart TB (2000) Prevalence and distribution of pig helminths in the Dongting lake region (Hunan Province) of the People’s Republic of China. J Helminthol 74:45–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chawhan P, Singh B, Sharma R, Gill JPS (2014) Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of porcine cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs (Sus scrofa) in Punjab India. Rev SciTech 34(3):953–960

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou SX, Jian FC, Ren GZ, Ning C, Lu XY, Shi K, Zhang L (2004) Investigation of intestinal parasites in intensive pig farms in Henan Province. Animal Husb Vet Med 40:39–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Dadas S, Mishra S, Jawalagatti V, Gupta S, Gudewar J (2016) Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in pigs (Sus scrofa) of mumbai region. Int J Environ Sci Technol 5:822–826

    Google Scholar 

  • Damriyasa IM, Bauer C (2006) Prevalence and age-dependent occurrence of intestinal protozoan infections in suckling piglets. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 119(7–8):287–290

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das M, Laha R, Kharguria G (2020) Gastrointestinal protozoan parasites in pigs of hilly region of Meghalaya India. J Entomol Zool Stud 8(3):947–951

    Google Scholar 

  • Deka DK, Borthakur SK, Patra G (2005) Parasitosis in domestic animals and birds of Aizawl. Mizoram J Vet Parasitol 19(1):51–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Dey TR, Dey AR, Begum N, Akther S, Barmon BC (2014) Prevalence of endoparasites of pig at Mymensingh Bangladesh. IOSR-JAVS 7(4):31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta S, Ghosh JD, Sasmal NK, Mukherjee GS (2005) Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites affecting pig farms of West Bengal, India. J Vet Parasitol 19:23–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Eijck IAJM, Borgsteede FHM (2005) A survey of gastrointestinal pig parasites on free-range, organic and conventional pig farms in The Netherlands. Vet Res Commun 29(5):407–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry SC, Tokach LM (1995) Eimeria-associated pathology in breeding gilts. Swine Health and Prod 3:200–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Joachim A, Daugschies A (2001) Endoparasites in swine in different age groups and management systems. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 113(4):129–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson J, Samarasinghe B, Buddle R, Armson A, Ryan U (2008) Molecular identification and prevalence of Isospora sp. in pigs in Western Australia using a PCR–RFLP assay. Exp Parasitol 120:191–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir MHB, Mondal MMH, Eliyas M, Mannan MA, Hashem MA, Debnath NC, Miazi OF, Mohiuddin C, Kashem MA, Islam MR (2011) An epidemiological survey on investigation of tick infestation incattle at Chittagong District. Bangladesh Afr J Microbiol Res 5(4):346–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagira JM, Githigia SM, Nganga JC, Kanyari PWN, Maingi N, Gachohi JM (2010) Prevalence of gastrointestinal protozoa and association with risk factors in free-range pigs in Kenya. J Protozool Res 20:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur M, Singh BB, Sharma R, Gill JPS (2017) Prevalence of gastro intestinal parasites in pigs in Punjab. India J Parasit Dis 41(2):483–486

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna Murthy CM, Ananda KJ, Adeppa J, Satheesha MG (2016) Studies on gastrointestinal parasites of pigs in Shimoga region of Karnataka. J Parasit Dis 40(3):885–889

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumaresan A, Bujarbaruah KM, Pathak KA, Das A, Bardoloi RK (2009) Integrated resource-driven pig production systems in a mountainous area of Northeast India: production practices and pig performance. Trop Anim Health Prod 41(7):1187–1196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laha R, Das M, Goswami A, Sailo B, Sharma BK, Gangnei D, Puii LH, Patra MK, Das RK, Sharma A, Ngullie E (2014) Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in pigs of north eastern region of India. Indian J Hill Farming 27:110–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai M, Zhou RQ, Huang HC, Hu SJ (2011) Prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in pigs in Chongqing, China. Res Vet Sci 91:121–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li YZ, Hernandez AD, MajorCarr SR (2022) Occurrence of intestinal parasites and its impact on growth performance and carcass traits of pigs raised under near-organic conditions. Front Vet Sci 9:911561

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Q, Wang XY, Cong MM, Ren WX, Hu B, Cheng WY, Li HM, Yu SK, Zhao GH (2013) Epidemiological investigation on swine intestinal parasites in Shaanxi province China. Afr J Microbiol Res 7(33):4251–4256

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin CN, Okabayashi T, Tummaruk P, Ooi PT (2023) Editorial: zoonotic diseases among pigs. Front Vet Sci 9:1122679

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubayashi M, Kita T, Narushima T, Kimata I, Tani H, Sasai K, Baba E (2009) Coprological survey of parasitic infections in pigs and cattle in slaughterhouse in Osaka. Japan J Vet Med Sci 71(8):1079–1083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubayashi M, Suzuta F, Terayama Y, Shimojo K, Yui T, Haritani M, Shibahara T (2014) Ultrastructural characteristics and molecular identification of Entamoeba suis isolated from pigs with hemorrhagic colitis: implications for pathogenicity. Parasitol Res 113:3023–3028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubayashi M, Murakoshi N, Komatsu T, Tokor M, Haritani M, Shibahara T (2015) Genetic identification of Entamoeba polecki subtype 3 from pigs in Japan and characterisation of its pathogenic role in ulcerative colitis. Infect Genet Evol 36:8–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Midttun HL, Acevedo N, Skallerup P, Almeida S, Skovgaard K, Andresen L, Skov S, Caraballo L, Van Die I, Jørgensen CB (2018) Ascaris suum infection downregulates inflammatory pathways in the pig intestine in vivo and in human dendritic cells in vitro. J Infect Dis 217:310–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muraleedharan K, Syed K, Ziauddin HP, Puttabyatappa B, Seshadri SJ (1994) Prevalence of parasitic infections among small domestic animals Karnataka. J Agric Sci 7(1):64–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Nansen P, Roepstor A (1999) Parasitic helminths of the pig: factors influencing transmission and infection levels. Int J Parasitol 29:877–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naskar S, Das A (2007) Approach for improvement of pig production in Northeastern hilly region of India. Livest Int 62(1):21–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Nsoso SJ, Mosala KP, Ndebele RT, Ramabu SS (2000) The prevalence of internal and external parasites in pigs of different ages and sexes in Southeast District, Botswana. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 67:217–220

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nwafor IC, Roberts H, Fourie P (2019) Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central Free State Province. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 86(1):e1–e8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nwoha RIO, Ekwurike JO (2011) Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in intensively managed pigs of different ages and sexes in Umuahia city of Abia State. Int Res J Biochem Bioinform 1:161–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Obonyo FO, Maingi N, Githigia SM, Ng’ang’a CJ, (2012) Prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Livest Res Rural Dev 24:47–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Okita F, Idu M, Omudu E, Audu N, Gaji J, Chehen H (2021) Prevalence of gastrointestinal and haemoparasites of pigs slaughtered in some abattoirs in Makurdi Nigeria. Nigerian J Sci Res 20(5):438–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozvari L (2017) Production losses of parasitisms in swine. Literat Rev Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 139:17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Patra G, Al-Abode H, Sahara A, Ghosh S, Borthakur SK, Polley S, Behera P, Deka A (2020) Prevalence of parasitic fauna of pigs in North-Eastern region of India. Biol Rhythm Res 51:1298–1315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Permin A, Yelifari L, Bloch P, Steenhard N, Hansen NP, Nansen P (1999) Parasites in cross-bred pigs in the Upper East region of Ghana. Vet Parasitol 87(1):63–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinilla JC, Morales E, Florez Muñoz AA (2021) A survey for potentially zoonotic parasites in backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area Northeast Colombia. Vet World 14(2):372–379

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Barthaku, S, Kalita G (2008) Pig production and management system in Aizawl District of Mizoram, India. Livest Res Rural Dev 20

  • Rajkhowa S, Choudhury H, Bujarbaruah KM, Dutta M (2003) Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in indigenous pig of Nagaland, India. J Vet Med 23:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkhowa TK, Gajan Mohanarao G, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L (2016) Indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus bears discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2. Virusdisease 27(3):287–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roepstorff A, Nansen P (1994) Epidemiology and control of helminth infections in pigs under intensive and non-intensive production systems. Vet Parasitol 54(1–3):69–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers WP (1962) The nature of parasitism. Academm Press, New York, London, pp 219–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Sangioni LA, De Avila BS, Ramos F, Cadore GC, Monteiro SG, Pereira DIB, Vogel FSF (2017) Balantidium coli in pigs of distinct animal husbandry categories and different hygienic-sanitary standards in the central region of Rio grande do sul state. Brazil Acta Sci Vet 45:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma D, Singh NK, Singh H, Rath SS (2020) Copro-prevalence and risk factor assessment of gastrointestinal parasitism in Indian domestic pigs. Helminthologia 57(1):28–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Sharma S, Kour S, Avatsingh AU, Perveen K, Alsulami JA, Singh N (2023) Gastrointestinal nematodes and protozoa in small and large ruminants from rural agro-climatic regions of Northern India. Diversity 15:1131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh NK, Rath SS (2013) Epidemiology of ixodid ticks in cattle population of various agroclimatic zones of Punjab India. Asian Pac J Trop Med 6(12):947–951

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soulsby EJL (1982) Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals, 7th edn. English Language Book Society, Bailliere, Tindall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowemimo OA, Asaolu SO, Adegok FO, Ayanniyi OO (2012) Epidemiological survey of gastrointestinal parasites of pigs in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. J Public Health Epidemiol 4:294–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swai ES, Schoonman L, Daborn CJ (2010) Knowledge and attitude towards zoonoses among animal health workers and livestock keepers in Arusha and Tanga Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 12(4):280–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symeonidou I, Tassis P, Gelasakis AΙ, Tzika ED, Papadopoulos E (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasite infections in greek swine farrow-to-finish farms. Pathogens 9:556

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tamboura HH, Banga-Mboko HD, Youssao MI, Traore A, Bayala B, Dembele MA (2006) Prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematode parasites in scavenging pigs of different ages and sexes in eastern centre province, Burkina Faso. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73:53–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur N, Kumari S, Saini A, Meena P, Sharma M, Bunkar M (2019) Pig: potential future meat animal of India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 8(2):3149–3155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari KP, Chikweto A, Belot G, Vanpee G, Deallie C, Stratton G, Sharma RN (2009) Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs in Grenada, West Indies. West Indian Vet J 9:22–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav AK, Tandon V (1989) Nematode parasite infections of domestic pigs in subtropical and high rainfall area of India. Vet Parasitol 31:133–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to thank to the Vice-chancellor, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, the Dean, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India and the Principal, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.K.Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura, India for providing all necessary facilities and support to conduct the research work.

Funding

“The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.”

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, F/O- Veterinary and Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 & 68, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Subham Das, Soumitra Pandit, Ruma Jas, Surajit Baidya, Subhas Chandra Mandal & Subhasis Batabyal

  2. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., R.K.Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura, India

    Apurba Debbarma

  3. Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H., R.K.Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura, 799008, India

    Ankan De

Authors
  1. Subham Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Soumitra Pandit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ruma Jas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Surajit Baidya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Subhas Chandra Mandal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Apurba Debbarma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Subhasis Batabyal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ankan De
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SD and AD collected the samples and carried out the laboratory works. SP, RJ, SB, SCM and SB designed and supervised the research work. AD ha analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the manuscript for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ankan De.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The Department of veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India approved the conducted study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Das, S., Pandit, S., Jas, R. et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs of Tripura, India. J Parasit Dis 48, 108–116 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01649-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01649-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation