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Characterization of stone artifacts from the Middle and Late Neolithic to the Chalcolithic deposits of Drakaina Cave, Kephalonia, Ionian Islands: a mineralogical-geochemical approach for determination of local and “exotic” raw materials and their sources

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Abstract

This work presents the results of the mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical study carried out on representative samples from the large assemblage of the Neolithic stone artifacts found in Drakaina Cave, at Kephalonia island, western Greece. The aim of this study is the determination of the raw materials used for the manufacture of lithic/stone implements, as well as their possible sources. Of the artifacts under study, the chipped stone tools were manufactured on cherts from local sources, while the ground stone edged tools on gabbro and the discoid stone beads on talc, both imported in the Ionian Islands. Geochemical analyses indicate that the most probable source for the gabbro artifacts is the Pindos Mountains. Limestones and sandstones, used by the Neolithic stone workers for the production of various ground stone tools, such as grinding slabs, grinders, abraders, polishers and hammer stones, were acquired exclusively from local sources, as they are the predominant rock types of the island. The raw material for the manufacture of a zoomorphic vessel of white marble was most probably originated from Naxos, an island of the Cyclades complex in the south Aegean Sea.

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Acknowledgments

This project was mainly funded by the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), which is gratefully appreciated. Our thanks to Vasilis Letsios, archeologist (Ephorate of Antiquities of Kephalonia and Ithaka) for his significant help and assistance at some stages of the project. Many thanks are due to Dr. Antonios Stais (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) for his contribution in identification of the microfossils and to Dr. Lambrini Papadopoulou (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) for the useful discussions on the microscopic observations. Dr. Basilios Tsikouras (University of Brunei Darussalam, Brunei) is especially thanked for his constructive comments and suggestions, resulting in significant improvement of this paper. Dr. Ann Hanna-Mitchell (Case Western Reserve University, USA) is especially thanked for her thorough and helpful suggestions and corrections in English language. Two anonymous reviewers are kindly thanked for providing comments that significantly improved the manuscript. Main Editor Dr. Elisabetta Gliozzo is greatly acknowledged for the editorial handling of the manuscript and the constructive comments.

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  1. Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Vasilios Melfos

  2. Ephorate of Antiquities of Kilkis, 611 00, Kilkis, Greece

    Georgia Stratouli

  3. Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, School of Geology and Geoenvironmen, University of Athens, 157 84, Athens, Greece

    Panagiotis Voudouris

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Melfos, V., Stratouli, G. & Voudouris, P. Characterization of stone artifacts from the Middle and Late Neolithic to the Chalcolithic deposits of Drakaina Cave, Kephalonia, Ionian Islands: a mineralogical-geochemical approach for determination of local and “exotic” raw materials and their sources. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 65 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01027-z

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