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Status and Trajectories of Soft-Bottom Benthic Communities of the South Florida Seascape Revealed by 25 Years of Seagrass and Water Quality Monitoring

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Abstract

Although seagrass ecosystems are valued for the services they provide, anthropogenic impacts have led to global declines in seagrass area. South Florida harbors one of the most extensive and iconic seagrass landscapes in the world, but historic seagrass losses appeared to threaten their integrity. The establishment of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) in 1995 created a benthic community and water quality monitoring network to aid management efforts. With this study, we report on the status and trajectories of benthic communities in South Florida using 25 years of monitoring data. Overall, most of our permanent monitoring sites maintained stable benthic communities over the period of observation. However, for areas that did experience decline, we identified mechanisms for loss of the climax seagrass Thalassia testudinum in the FKNMS with no or only partial recovery over decadal timescales. We observed a shift towards fast-growing Halodule wrightii meadows at anthropogenically nutrient-enriched nearshore sites along the Florida Keys. In addition, we describe almost complete loss of seagrass meadows at some exposed, back-reef sites offshore from the Florida Keys resulting from physical disturbance by major hurricanes. This study demonstrates the utility of long-term monitoring programs for the identification of benthic community trajectories and their putative drivers on the seascape scale, offering valuable lessons for the design of future seagrass monitoring programs.

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Data Availability

All data that form the basis of our analysis are available at https://seagrass.fiu.edu/data.htm.

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Acknowledgements

Over the course of almost three decades of this monitoring program, dozens of post-docs, students, and technicians have contributed by collecting data, interpreting results, and innovating lab and field procedures. Among those most important for the success of the program have been seagrass lab managers Allan Willsie, Andy Davis, Susie Escorcia, Pamela Parker, Jeana Drake, Rachel Decker, Alex Perez, Kevin Cunniff, and Leanne Rutten. Jeff Absten was the prime field manager for the water quality data collection. We thank the great management and guidance from our two project managers from the US Environmental Protection Agency who have overseen the Water Quality Protection Program for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctutary, and Fred McManus and Steven Blackburn, who managed to keep the resources committed to the project flowing and challenged us at every step to keep the program relevant to resource managers. This is contribution #1506 from the Coastlines and Oceans Division of the Institute of Environment at Florida International University. This research was carried out on the traditional lands of the Taino, Matacumbe, Tequesta, and Calusa people.

Funding

The benthic habitat monitoring was funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (grants EPA: SF-02D05421, X994620-94, X97468102, X7-95447909-0, X7-95469210, and X7-00D39015) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (grants NA16OP2553, NA04NOS4780024, and 43WGNC700030). Water quality monitoring was funded by grants X7-96410604, X7-95469410, X7-00D02412, SF-02D05321, X7-95469410, X7-00D49716, and X7-95447909-0. Monitoring in the Dry Tortugas was funded by the United States Park Service (grants H5000060104/J5299100008, P16AC01238, P22AC00623). Much of the Florida Bay work was supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research Program under Grant Nos. DEB-9910514, DBI-0620409, DEB-1237517, DEB-1832229, and DEB-2025954.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coastlines and Oceans Division, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    Johannes R. Krause, Christian C. Lopes, Sara S. Wilson & James W. Fourqurean

  2. Entelekic Environmental, Plymouth, NH, USA

    Joseph N. Boyer

  3. Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    Henry O. Briceño

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  1. Johannes R. Krause
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  6. James W. Fourqurean
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Contributions

Study design: JF, JB, HB; Data collection: JK, CL, SW, HB; Data analysis: JK; Interpretation of results: JF, JK, CL, SW; Initial manuscript: JF, JK; Manuscript edits: JF, JK, CL, SW, HB, JB.

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Correspondence to James W. Fourqurean.

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Krause, J.R., Lopes, C.C., Wilson, S.S. et al. Status and Trajectories of Soft-Bottom Benthic Communities of the South Florida Seascape Revealed by 25 Years of Seagrass and Water Quality Monitoring. Estuaries and Coasts 46, 477–493 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-022-01158-7

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