Abstract
Despite advancements in the industry, safety investments at small construction sites remain underinvested due to budget constraints that limit the employment of safety managers. The results of this study explore a cost-effective solution for accurate positioning of workers in hazardous areas using off-the-shelf smartphones and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology, with a focus on small and medium-sized construction sites. We targeted a Three-Dimensional (3D) positioning error of less than 35 cm in an indoor space of 25–50 m2. The results show that the spatial configuration of anchors and Mobile Terminals (MTs) has a significant impact on 3D accuracy, and in particular, deployment strategies with increasing height differences show a clearer reduction in error than differences in positional accuracy caused by differences between general least square algorithms. This highlights the importance of optimal anchor-MT placement, similar to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) standards, to minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) values and improve positioning accuracy. We also suggest that adjusting the tetrahedral volume formed by anchors and MTs can solve complex site problems,improve worker positioning, and benefit safety management. This approach presents a practical and scalable way to improve safety protocols on small construction sites.
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Abbreviations
- AoA:
-
Angle of Arrival
- BIM:
-
Building Information Modeling
- DOP:
-
Dilution of Precision
- GNSS:
-
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
- ILS:
-
Iterative Least Squares
- INLS:
-
Iterative Non-Linear Least Squares
- LiDAR:
-
Light Detection And Ranging
- LOS:
-
Line of Sight
- LS:
-
Least Squares
- MTs:
-
Mobile Terminals
- NLOS:
-
Non LOS
- NLS:
-
Non-Linear Least Squares
- PoA:
-
Phase of Arrival
- RSS:
-
Received Signal Strength
- RTLS:
-
Real Time Location Systems
- SLAM:
-
Simultaneous Localization and Map**
- SVD:
-
Singular Value Decomposition
- ToA:
-
Time of Arrival
- ToF:
-
Time of Flight
- UAV:
-
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- UWB:
-
Ultra Wide Band
- WILS:
-
Weighted Iterative Least Squares
- WINLS:
-
Weighted Iterative Non-Linear Least Squares
- WLAN:
-
Wireless Local Area Network
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1A4A5028239).
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Cho, J., Jeong, S. & Lee, B. A Study on Anchor Placement and 3D Positioning Algorithm for UWB Application in Small Sites. KSCE J Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-024-2107-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-024-2107-z