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Ionic Liquid-Based Air-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides from Aqueous and Vegetable Samples Followed by HPLC-DAD

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Abstract

An efficient, reliable, sensitive, rapid, and environmentally friendly analytical method has been developed for the extraction and determination of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in aqueous and vegetable samples using ionic liquid-based air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. In this method, a few microliters of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (as an extractant) is transferred into the aqueous solution containing the analytes. Fine droplets of the extractant are formed by repeated aspirating and dispersing of the mixture via a syringe needle. During this period, the analytes are extracted into the ionic liquid and then collected at the bottom of the tube after centrifugation. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed low limits of detection and quantification between 0.16 and 0.31 and 0.52 and 0.99 ng mL−1, respectively. Extraction recoveries and enrichment factors were in the ranges of 76–83 % and 380–415, respectively. The relative standard deviations for the extraction of 1.5 ng mL−1 of each analyte were less than 5.2 % for intra-day (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 4) precisions. Finally, different aqueous and vegetable samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method, and two analytes were determined in some of them at ng mL−1 level.

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Abbreviations

AALLME:

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

AOPP:

Aryloxyphenoxypropionate

DAD:

Diode array detector

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

GC:

Gas chromatography

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

LPME:

Liquid-phase microextraction

MS:

Mass spectrometry

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

UPLC:

Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography

USAEME:

Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction

VADLLME:

Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

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Acknowledgments

Authors are grateful to Research Council of the University of Tabriz for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Mahdi Bamorowat & Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  2. Mahdi Bamorowat
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  3. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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Correspondence to Mir Ali Farajzadeh.

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Funding

Mir Ali Farajzadeh has received research grants from University of Tabriz.

Conflict of Interest

Mir Ali Farajzadeh declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mahdi Bamorowat declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Farajzadeh, M.A., Bamorowat, M. & Afshar Mogaddam, M.R. Ionic Liquid-Based Air-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides from Aqueous and Vegetable Samples Followed by HPLC-DAD. Food Anal. Methods 10, 749–758 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0637-9

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