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Vortex-Assisted Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Triazole Fungicides in Fruit Juices

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Abstract

A rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly method using vortex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-IL-DLLME) prior to high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) has been developed for the determination of six triazole fungicides (triazolone, triadimenol, epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, and diniconazole) in various fruit juices. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C6MIM][PF6]) and acetonitrile were used as extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively. A single factor experiment was selected to obtain the significant variables from the several related parameters that could affect the extraction efficiencies, such as the volume of IL and acetonitrile, extraction time, centrifugation time, and salt addition. Under the optimum conditions, an excellent linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.997 was obtained. Enrichment factors and average recoveries in three concentration levels ranged from 51 to 72, and 71.0 to 104.5 %, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.4 to 11.8 %. The limits of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) for the six triazole fungicides were between 0.4 and 6.7 μg L−1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace amounts of triazole fungicides in various fruit juices including peach, apple, and orange juices.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported financially by the China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-27), Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (No. cstc2013jcyjA80004), and National Risk Assessment Program for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety (GJFP2015003).

Conflict of Interest

Yaohai Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Yan Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Qiyang Zhao declares that he has no conflict of interest. Weijun Chen declares that he has no conflict of interest. Bining Jiao declares that he has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of China

      Yaohai Zhang, Yan Zhang, Qiyang Zhao, Weijun Chen & Bining Jiao

    2. Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of China

      Yaohai Zhang, Qiyang Zhao, Weijun Chen & Bining Jiao

    3. Quality Supervision and Testing Centre for Citrus and Seedling, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of China

      Yaohai Zhang, Qiyang Zhao, Weijun Chen & Bining Jiao

    4. National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of China

      Bining Jiao

    5. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Citrus Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, People’s Republic of China

      Bining Jiao

    6. College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People’s Republic of China

      Yan Zhang

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    1. Yaohai Zhang
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    2. Yan Zhang
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    Correspondence to Yaohai Zhang or Bining Jiao.

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    Yaohai Zhang and Yan Zhang contributed equally to this work.

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    Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Q. et al. Vortex-Assisted Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Triazole Fungicides in Fruit Juices. Food Anal. Methods 9, 596–604 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0223-6

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0223-6

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