Abstract
Gender attitudes are of interest to psychology due to their correlation with various risk behaviors such as aggressive behavior among adolescents, greater violence in their romantic relationships, perpetration of physical violence against the female partner and homophobic attacks. In Chile, gender attitudes are of public concern due to the rates of violence in the adolescent population; however, the association between gender attitudes, school violence and subjective well-being in this population has been scarcely studied. For this reason, the objective of this article is to examine the relationship between gender attitudes, school violence and subjective well-being in Chilean adolescents. The sample was based on 882 adolescents from 7 to 12th grade (48.5% female, average age of 12.4 years). Four scales were used to examine the relationship between gender attitudes, school violence and subjective well-being, using structural equations modeling. We modeled multiple mediations, where the relationship between gender attitudes and well-being was mediated by perpetration, but not for victimization. The results show that gender attitudes are associated with higher reports of school violence, both as perpetrator and as victim. At the same time, school violence is associated with lower subjective well-being in perpetrators, but not in victims. Addressing this problem is vital as a way to educate on equitable gender attitudes, prevent the development of violent behavior and promote subjective well-being of adolescents in Chile.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due ethical restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Ajzen, I. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour is alive and well, and not ready to retire: A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau, and Araújo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.883474
Alfaro, J., CastelláSarriera, J., Casas, F., Valdenegro, B., Abs, D., Oyarzún, D., & Bedin, L. (2014). Adaptación del Índice de Bienestar Personal para adolescentes en lengua española y portuguesa. Universitas Psychologica, 13(1), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-1.aibp
Alfaro, J., Guzmán, J., García, C., Sirlopú, D., Oyanedel, J. C., & Gaudlitz, L. (2015). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala Breve Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida para Estudiantes (BMSLSS) en población infantil chilena (10–12 años). Universitas Psychologica, 14(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-1.ppeb
Alfaro, J., Guzmán, J., Reyes, F., García, C., Varela, J., & Sirlopú, D. (2016a). Overall life satisfaction and school satisfaction in chilean students. Psykhé, 25(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.25.2.842
Alfaro, J. Guzmán, J., Oyarzún, D., Reyes, F., Sirlopú, D. & Varela, J. (2016b). Bienestar subjetivo de la infancia en Chile en el contexto internacional. Santiago, Chile: UDD Publicaciones. https://psicologia.udd.cl/cebcs/files/2016/12/bienestar-subjetivo-de-la-infancia.pdf
Alfaro, J. Benavente, M. V., Chuecas, J., Reyes, F. Varela, J., Melipillán, R., Fábrega, J., Yaikin, T., & Rodríguez, C. (2021). I. Resultados Proyecto “International Survey of Children’s Well-Being” (ISCWEB) - Chile. In: Centro de Estudios en Bienestar y Convivencia Social (CEBCS). El bienestar antes, durante y después de la pandemia. (pp. 13–16). https://psicologia.udd.cl/cebcs/files/2021/01/Manual_CEBCS.pdf
Amin, A., Kågesten, A., Adebayo, E., & Chandra-Mouli, V. (2018). Addressing gender socialization and masculinity norms among adolescent boys: Policy and programmatic implications. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(3 Suppl), S3–S5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.022
Athay, M. M., Kelley, S. D., & Dew-Reeves, S. E. (2012). Brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale-PTPB version (BMSLSS-PTPB): Psychometric properties and relationship with mental health symptom severity over time. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 39(1–2), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-011-0385-5
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
Bedin, L. M., & Sarriera, J. C. (2014a). Dyadic analysis of parent-children subjective well-being. Child Indicators Research, 7(3), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-014-9235-9
Bedin, L. M., & Sarriera, J. C. (2014b). Propriedades psicométricas das escalas de bem-estar: PWI, SWLS, BMSLSS e CAS. Avaliação Psicológica, 13(2), 213–225.
Ben-Arieh, A. (2008). The child indicators movement: Past, present, and future. Child Indicators Research, 1(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-007-9003-1
Ben-Arieh, A., Kaufman, H. N., Andrews, B. A., Goerge, R., Lee, B. J., & Aber, J. L. (2001). Measuring and monitoring children’s well-being. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2229-2
Benbenishty, R., & Astor, R. A. (2005). School violence in context: Culture, neighborhood, family, school, and gender. Oxford University Press.
Bowes, N., & McMurran, M. (2013). Cognitions supportive of violence and violent behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 660–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.015
Bradshaw, J., & Mayhew, E. (2005). The well-being of children in the UK. Save the Children.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments in nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Carrera-Fernández, M. V., Lameiras-Fernández, M., Rodríguez-Castro, Y., & Vallejo-Medina, P. (2013). Bullying among Spanish secondary education students: The role of gender traits, sexism, and homophobia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(14), 2915–2940. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488695
Casas, F. (2010). El bienestar personal: Su investigación en la infancia y la adolescencia. Encuentros En Psicología Social, 5(1), 85–101.
Casas, F., & Bello, A. (2012). Calidad de Vida y Bienestar Subjetivo Infantil en España. ¿Qué afecta al bienestar de niños y niñas de 1º de ESO? UNICEF.
Casas, F., Buxarrais Estrada, M., Figuer Ramírez, C., González Carrasco, M., Tey Teijón, A., Noguera Pigem, E., & Rodríguez Rodríguez, J. M. (2004). Los valores y su influencia en la satisfacción vital de los adolescentes entre los 12 y los 16 años: Estudio de algunos correlatos. Apuntes De Psicología, 22(1), 3–23.
Casas, F., Sarriera, J. C., Abs, D., Coenders, G., Alfaro, J., Saforcada, E., & Tonon, G. (2012a). Subjective indicators of personal well-being among adolescents. Performance and results for different scales in latin-language speaking countries: A contribution to the international debate. Child Indicators Research, 5(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9119-1
Casas, F., Sarriera, J. C., Alfaro, J., González, M., Malo, S., Bertran, I., Figuer, C., da Cruz, D. A., Bedin, L., Paradiso, A., Weinreich, K., & Valdenegro, B. (2012b). Testing the personal wellbeing index on 12–16 year-old adolescents in 3 different countries with 2 new items. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 461–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9781-1
Casas, F., Baltatescu, S., Bertran, I., Gonzalez, M., & Hatos, A. (2013). School Satisfaction among adolescents: Testing different indicators for its measurement and its relationship with overall life satisfaction and subjective well-being in Romania and Spain. Social Indicators Research, 111(3), 665–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0025-9
Casas, F., Sarriera, J. C., Alfaro, J., González, M., Bedin, L., Abs, D., Figuer, C., & Valdenegro, B. (2014). Reconsidering life domains that contribute to subjective well-being among adolescents with data from three countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 491–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9520-9
Chui, W. H., & Wong, M. Y. (2015). Gender differences in happiness and life satisfaction among adolescents in Hong Kong: Relationships and self-concept. Social Indicators Research, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0867-z
Connell, R. (2003). Masculinidades. UNAM.
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1
Cummins, R. A., & Lau, A. L. D. (2005). Personal wellbeing index (3rd ed.). Deakin University.
Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Van Vugt, J., & Misajon, R. (2003). Develo** a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Social Indicators Research, 64(2), 159–190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024704320683
Daniels, J. A., Bradley, M. C., & Hays, M. (2007). The impact of school violence on school personnel: Implications for psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 652–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.652
Danielsen, A. G., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., & Wold, B. (2009). School-related social support and students’ perceived life satisfaction. The Journal of Educational Research, 102(4), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.102.4.303-320
Das, M., Ghosh, S., Verma, R., O’Connor, B., Fewer, S., Virata, M. C., & Miller, E. (2014). Gender attitudes and violence among urban adolescent boys in India. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 19(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2012.716762
Das, M., Verma, R., Ghosh, S., Ciaravino, S., Jones, K., O’Connor, B., & Miller, E. (2015). Community mentors as coaches: Transforming gender norms through cricket among adolescent males in urban India. Gender & Development, 23(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1013675
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9000-y
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 403–425. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
Dworkin, S. L., Fleming, P. J., & Colvin, C. J. (2015). The promises and limitations of gender-transformative health programming with men: Critical reflections from the field. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(sup2), 128–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1035751
Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2010). An ecological view of schools and development. In J. Meece & J. S. Eccles (Eds.), Handbook of research on schools, schooling, and human development (pp. 6–21). Routledge.
Espelage, D. L., & De La Rue, L. (2012). School bullying: Its nature and ecology. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 24(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh.2012.002
Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. R. (2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01914.x
Estévez, E., Murgui, S., & Musitu, G. (2009). Psychological adjustment in bullies and victims of school violence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(4), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03178762
Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2011). Bullying as a predictor of offending, violence and later life outcomes. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.801
Fattah, K. N., & Camellia, S. (2017). Gender norms and beliefs, and men’s violence against women in rural bangladesh. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517690875
Fleming, P. J., & Agnew-Brune, C. (2015). Current trends in the study of gender norms and health behaviors. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5, 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.05.001
Fleming, P. J., McCleary-Sills, J., Morton, M., Levtov, R., Heilman, B., & Barker, G. (2015). Risk factors for men’s lifetime perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners: Results from the international men and gender equality Survey (IMAGES) in eight countries. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118639
Furlong, M. J., Sharkey, J. D., & Jimenez, T. C. (2003). School Violence, Adolescence. In T. Gullota, M. Bloom, J. Kotch, C. Blakely, L. Bond, G. Adams, … J. Ramos (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion (pp. 929–937). Springer.
Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. (1998). A multimodal analysis of personal negativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1580
Gibbs, A., Washington, L., Willan, S., Ntini, N., Khumalo, T., Mbatha, N., … Jewkes, R. (2017a). The step** stones and creating futures intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV-risk behaviours in Durban, South Africa: Study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial, and baseline characteristics. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 336. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4223-x
Gibbs, A., Washington, L., Willan, S., Ntini, N., Khumalo, T., Mbatha, N., … Jewkes, R. (2017b). The step** stones and creating Futures intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV-risk behaviours in Durban, South Africa: Study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial, and baseline characteristics. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4223-x
Gilman, R., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9036-7
Gilman, R., Huebner, E. S., & Laughlin, J. E. (2000). A first study of the multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale with adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 52(2), 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007059227507
Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2013). Bullied children and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132(4), 720–729. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0614
González, C., Varela, J., Sánchez, P. A., Venegas, F., & De Tezanos-Pinto, P. (2021). Students’ participation in school and its relationship with antisocial behavior, academic performance and adolescent well-being. Child Indicators Research, 14(1), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09761-5
Hanafin, S., & Brooks, A. M. (2005). Report on the Development of a National Set of Child Well-being Indicators in Ireland. Stationery Office.
Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(4), 441–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00629
Holt, M. K., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Polanin, J. R., Holland, K. M., DeGue, S., Matjasko, J. L., … Reid, G. (2015). Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(2), e496–e509. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1864
Huebner, E. S. (1991a). Initial development of the student’s life satisfaction scale. School Psychology International, 12(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034391123010
Huebner, E. S. (1991b). Initial development of the students’ life satisfaction scale. School Psychology International, 12(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034391123010
Huebner, E. S. (1991c). Correlates of life satisfaction in children. School Psychology Quarterly, 6(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088805
Huebner, E. S. (1994). Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.149
Huebner, E. S. (2004). Research on assessment of life satisfaction of children and adolescents. Social Indicators Research, 66(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000007497.57754.e3
Huebner, E. S., Drane, W., & Valois, R. F. (2000). Levels and demographic correlates of adolescent life satisfaction reports. School Psychology International, 21(3), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034300213005
Huebner, E. S., Suldo, S. M., Valois, R. F., & Drane, J. W. (2006). The brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale: Sex, race, and grade effects for applications with middle school students. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(2), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-006-9016-9
Huebner, E. S., Valois, R. F., Paxton, R. J., & Drane, J. W. (2005). Middle school students’ perceptions of quality of life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-1170-x
Huebner, E. S., Hills, K. J., Jiang, X., Long, R. F., Kelly, R., & Lyons, M. D. (2014). Schooling and children’s subjective well-being. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes, & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of Child Well-being SE - 26 (pp. 797–819). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_26
Huesmann, L. R., & Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.408
Huesmann, L. R., & Kirwil, L. (2007). Why observing violence increases the risk of violent behavior in the observer. In D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, & I. D. Waldman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression (pp. 545–570). Cambridge University Press.
INJUV (2018). Sondeo N°1: Violencia en las relaciones de pareja. Retrieved 18 de marzo, de: http://www.injuv.gob.cl/storage/docs/Resultados_Sondeo_01_Violencia_en_las_relaciones_de_pareja.pdf
Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2018). Hegemonic masculinity, violence, and gender equality: Using latent class analysis to investigate the origins and correlates of differences between men. Men and Masculinities, 21(4), 547–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17696171
Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1580–1589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4
John, N. A., Stoebenau, K., Ritter, S., Edmeades, J., Balvin, N., & Unicef. (2017). Gender Socialization during Adolescence in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: Conceptualization, influences and outcomes. Extraído de http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/handle/MINEDU/5318
Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2008). Shared reality, system justification, and the relational basis of ideological beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00056.x
Kågesten, A., Gibbs, S., Blum, R. W., Moreau, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., Herbert, A., & Amin, A. (2016). Understanding factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence globally: A mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0157805. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157805
Kaufman, M. (1994). Men, feminism, and men’s contradictory experiences of power. In H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 142–163). Sage Publications.
Kerr, J., Valois, R., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2011). Life satisfaction and peer victimization among USA public high school adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 4, 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-010-9078-y
Klein, J. (2006). Cultural capital and high school bullies. Men and Masculinities, 9(1), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X04271387
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
Kroesen, M., Handy, S., & Chorus, C. (2017). Do attitudes cause behavior or vice versa? An alternative conceptualization of the attitude-behavior relationship in travel behavior modeling. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 101, 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.05.013
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. Lancet, 360(9339), 1083–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
Kwan, Y. (2008). Life satisfaction and family structure among adolescents in Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research, 86(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9092-8
Lau, A. L. D., Cummins, R. A., & Mcpherson, W. (2005). An investigation into the cross-cultural equivalence of the personal wellbeing index. Social Indicators Research, 72(3), 403–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-0561-z
Lereya, S. T., Copeland, W. E., Zammit, S., & Wolke, D. (2015). Bully/victims: A longitudinal, population-based cohort study of their mental health. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(12), 1461–1471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0705-5
Lim, S. H., & Ang, R. P. (2009). Relationship between boys’ normative beliefs about aggression and their physical, verbal, and indirect aggressive behaviors. Adolescence, 44(175), 635–650.
Lippa, R., & Connelly, S. (1990). Gender diagnosticity: A new Bayesian approach to gender-related individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1051–1065. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1051
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616
MacDonald, J. M., Piquero, A. R., Valois, R. F., & Zullig, K. J. (2005). The relationship between life satisfaction, risk-taking behaviors, and youth violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(11), 1495–1518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505278718
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
McCauley, H. L., Tancredi, D. J., Silverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Austin, S. B., McCormick, M. C., … Miller, E. (2013). Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1882–1887. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301443
Mcconville, D. W., & Cornell, D. G. (2003). Aggressive attitudes predict aggressive behavior in middle school students. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11(3), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634266030110030501
Ministerio del Interior. (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Violencia en el Ámbito Escolar (ENVAE) 2014. Santiago, Chile: Autores. Retrieved from: https://pazeduca.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ENVAE-2014-Encuesta-Nacional-de-violencia-en-el-%C3%A1mbito-escolar-Ministerio-del-Interior.pdf
Nakamoto, J., & Schwartz, D. (2010). Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 19(2), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00539.x
Napier, J. L., & Jost, J. T. (2008). Why are Conservatives happier than Liberals? Psychological Science, 19(6), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x
Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., & Jost, J. T. (2010). The joy of sexism? A multinational investigation of hostile and benevolent justifications for gender inequality and their relations to subjective well-being. Sex Roles, 62(7–8), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9712-7
Olweus, D., & Breivik, K. (2014). Plight of victims of school bullying: The opposite of well-being. In A. Ben-Arieh, F. Casas, I. Frønes, & J. E. Korbin (Eds.), Handbook of child well-being (pp. 2593– 2616). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9063-8_26
Oyanedel, J. C., Alfaro, J., Varela, J., & Torres, J. (2014). ¿Qué afecta el bienestar subjetivo y la calidad de vida de las niñas y niños chilenos? Resultados de la Encuesta Internacional sobre Bienestar Subjetivo Infantil. LOM Ediciones.
Park, N. (2004). The role of subjective well-being in reply to: Positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260078
Parrott, D. J. (2009). Aggression toward gay men as gender role enforcement: Effects of male role norms, sexual prejudice, and masculine gender role stress. Journal of Personality, 77(4), 1137–1166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00577.x
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2004). The subjective evaluation of well-being in adulthood: Findings and implications. Ageing International, 29(2), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-004-1013-4
Paxton, R. J., Valois, R. F., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2006). Opportunity for adult bonding/meaningful neighborhood roles and life-satisfaction among USA middle school students. Social Indicators Research, 79(2), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-4129-3
Petito, F., & Cummins, R. A. (2000). Quality of life in adolescence: The role of perceived control, parenting style, and social support. Behaviour Change, 17(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275961
Poteat, V. P., Kimmel, M. S., & Wilchins, R. (2011). The moderating effects of support for violence beliefs on masculine norms, aggression, and homophobic behavior during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), 434–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00682.x
Proctor, C. L., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2009). Youth life satisfaction: A review of the literature. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(5), 583–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9110-9
Pulerwitz, J., & Barker, G. (2008). Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil: Development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM Scale. Men and Masculinities, 10, 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X06298778
Ramiro-Sánchez, T., Ramiro, M. T., Bermúdez, M. P., & Buela-Casal, G. (2018). Sexism in adolescent relationships: A systematic review. Psychosocial Intervention, 27(3), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2018a19
Reed, E., Raj, A., Miller, E., & Silverman, J. G. (2010). Losing the “gender” in gender-based violence: The missteps of research on dating and intimate partner violence. Violence against Women, 16(3), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209361127
Sarriera, J.C., Bedin, L.M., Strelhow, M.R.W., & Sarriera, J.M. (2017). Psychosocial Well-Being of Children and Adolescents: Intervention Effect and Impact Evaluation. In J. Sarriera & L. Bedin (Eds.), Psychosocial well-being of children and adolescents in Latin America (pp. 193–216). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55601-7_1
Seligson, J. L., Huebner, E. S., & Valois, R. F. (2003). Preliminary validation of the brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale (BMSLSS). Social Indicators Research, 61(2), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021326822957
Seligson, J. L., Huebner, E. S., & Valois, R. F. (2005). An investigation of a brief life satisfaction scale with elementary school children. Social Indicators Research, 73, 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-2011-3
Shattuck, D., Burke, H., Ramirez, C., Succop, S., Costenbader, B., Attafuah, J. D., … Guest, G. (2013). Using the inequitable gender norms scale and associated HIV risk behaviors among men at high risk for HIV in Ghana and Tanzania. Men and Masculinities, 16(5), 540–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X13502730
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. E. (2011). Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and consequences. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12346-000
Siyez, D. M., & Kaya, A. (2008). Validity and reliability of the brief multidimensional students’ life satisfaction scale with Turkish children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26(2), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282907307802
Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Is extremely high life satisfaction during adolescence advantageous? Social Indicators Research, 78(2), 179–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-8208-2
Suldo, S. M., Riley, K. N., & Shaffer, E. J. (2006). Academic correlates of children and adolescents’ life satisfaction. School Psychology International, 27(5), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034306073411
Suldo, S. M., Thalji-Raitano, A., Hasemeyer, M., Gelley, C. D., & Hoy, B. (2013). Understanding middle school students life satisfaction: Does school climate matter? Applied Research in Quality of Life, 8(2), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-012-9185-7
Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2006). Measuring wellbeing in develo** countries: The case of Algeria. Social Indicators Research, 75(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-2012-2
Tomyn, A. J., & Cummins, R. A. (2011a). The subjective well-being of high-school students: Validating the personal wellbeing index-school children. Social Indicators Research, 101(3), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9668-6
Tomyn, A. J., & Cummins, R. A. (2011b). Subjective wellbeing and homeostatically protected mood: Theory validation with adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(5), 897–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9235-5
Tomyn, A. J., & Cummins, R. A. (2011c). The subjective wellbeing of high-school students: Validating the personal wellbeing index-school children. Social Indicators Research, 101(3), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9668-6
Tomyn, A. J., Norrish, J. M., & Cummins, R. A. (2013). The subjective wellbeing of indigenous australian adolescents: Validating the personal wellbeing index-school children. Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 1013–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9970-y
Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., & Lösel, F. (2012). School bullying as a predictor of violence later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.002
Turcotte, F., Vivier, P. M., & Gjelsvik, A. (2015). Mental health and bullying in the United States among children aged 6 to 17 years. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(5), 782–795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514536279
Tzelgov, J., & Henik, A. (1991). Suppression situations in psychological research: Definitions, implications, and applications. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3), 524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.524
Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2001). Relationship between life satisfaction and violent behaviors among adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(4), 353–366. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.25.4.1
Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2004). Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 74(2), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb04201.x
Valois, R. F., Paxton, R. J., Zullig, K. J., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Life satisfaction and violent behaviors among middle school students. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(6), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9043-z
Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2009). Youth developmental assets and perceived life satisfaction: Is there a relationship? Applied Research in Quality of Life, 4(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-009-9083-9
Valois, R. F., Kerr, J. C., & Huebner, S. E. (2012). Peer victimization and perceived life satisfaction among early adolescents in the United States. American Journal of Health Education, 43(5), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2012.10599244
Vantieghem, W., Vermeersch, H., & Van Houtte, M. (2014). Transcending the gender dichotomy in educational gender gap research: The association between gender identity and academic self-efficacy. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(4), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.10.001
Varela, J. J., Farren, D., & Tijmes, C. (2010). Violencia escolar en Educación Básica: Evaluación de un instrumento para su medición. Santiago de Chile: Fundación Paz Ciudadana. Retrieved from http://www.pazciudadana.cl/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/validacion-instrumento.pdf
Varela, J., Zimmerman, M., Ryan, A., Stoddard, S., Heinze, J., & Alfaro, J. (2017). Life satisfaction, school satisfaction, and school violence: A mediation analysis for Chilean adolescent victims and perpetrators. Child Indicators Research, 11, 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9442-7
Varela, J. J., Sirlopú, D., Melipillán, R., Espelage, D., Green, J., & Guzmán, J. (2019). Exploring the influence school climate on the relationship between school violence and adolescent subjective well-being. Child Indicators Research, 12(6), 2095–2110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09631-9
Varela, J. J., Sánchez, P. A., De Tezanos-Pinto, P., Chuecas, J., & Benavente, M. (2021). School climate, bullying and mental health among chilean adolescents. Child Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09834-z
Veenhoven, R. (1994). El estudio de la satisfacción con la vida. Intervención Psicosocial, 3, 87–116. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1765/16195
Veenhoven, R. (2002). Why social policy needs subjective indicators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 58, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015723614574
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Barker, E. D. (2006). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406059968
Vu, L., Pulerwitz, J., Burnett-Zieman, B., Banura, C., Okal, J., & Yam, E. (2017). Inequitable gender norms from early adolescence to young adulthood in Uganda: Tool validation and differences across age groups. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(2), S15–S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.027
Webb, D. (2009). Subjective well-being on the Tibetan Plateau: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 753–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9120-7
Werner, N. E., & Nixon, C. L. (2005). Normative beliefs and relational aggression: An investigation of the cognitive bases of adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(3), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-4306-3
Yiengprugsawan, V., Seubsman, S., Khamman, S., & Lim, L. L. (2010). Personal Wellbeing Index in a national cohort of 87,134 Thai adults. Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9542-6
Young, R., & Sweeting, H. (2004). Adolescent bullying, relationships, psychological well-being, and gender-atypical behavior: A gender diagnosticity approach. Sex Roles, 50(7–8), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023072.53886.86
Zullig, K. J., Valois, R. F., Huebner, E. S., Oeltmann, J. E., & Drane, J. W. (2001). Relationship between perceived life satisfaction and adolescents’ substance abuse. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(4), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00269-5
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
Funding
This research was supported by FONDECYT Regular N° 1180607, CONICYT, Chile.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to different parts of the study. Material preparation, data collection were performed by Jorge Varela and Jaime Alfaro. The design and analysis were done by Jorge Varela, Paulina Sánchez and Pablo De Tezanos-Pinto. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Francisco Aguayo and Constanza González, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read edited and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics declarations
Consent to Participate
Participation in the study was voluntary, through the adolescents' consent, their parents or guardians, and the school principals, ensuring the ethical protection of the participants following the ethical guidance from the ethical committee of the Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Varela, J.J., Sánchez, P.A., Aguayo, F. et al. Gender attitudes, school violence and well-being among Chilean adolescents. Curr Psychol 42, 14107–14121 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02637-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02637-z