Abstract
We investigated participants’ ability to recognize a missing older adult featured in a mock Silver Alert. In Study 1, college students (N = 712) viewed a Silver Alert of a missing man and then attempted to recognize him when shown a set of photos. Overall recognition was high, with 84.6% of participants identifying the photo of the missing man. Self-reported experience with several older age groups was related to recognition of the target, and female participants were more likely than males to identify the target photo. Recognition of the target was not related to participant age, race, or measures of empathy or conscientiousness. A similar procedure was used in Study 2 with a sample of college students (N = 610), with the addition of measures of attitudes toward the elderly and face recognition ability, which were not found to be related to recognition of the target. Overall recognition rates were again high (83.90%), and participants who reported more experience with the elderly were again more likely to recognize the target. Metacognitive confidence ratings were higher in both studies for individuals who recognized the missing man. The findings suggest that Silver Alerts can be effective under certain circumstances. Further research is needed to investigate whether increasing experience with elderly populations could increase the efficacy of Silver Alerts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Algase, D. L. (2006). What's new about wandering behaviour? An assessment of recent studies. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 14, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3743.2006.00043.x.
Algase, D. L., Moore, H. D., Vandeweerd, C., & Gavin-Dreschnack, D. J. (2007). Map** the maze of terms and definitions in dementia-related wandering. Aging Mental Health, 11, 686–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860701366434.
Allan, L. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2008). Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: The role of knowledge, contact and aging anxiety. Educational Gerontology, 35(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802299780.
Anastasi, J. S., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). An own-age bias in face recognition for children and older adults. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 1043–1047. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206441.
Areh, I. (2011). Gender-related differences in eyewitness testimony. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.027.
Bantry White, E., & Montgomery, P. (2015). Dementia, walking outdoors and getting lost: Incidence, risk factors and consequences from dementia-related police missing-person reports. Journal of Aging and Mental Health, 19(3), 224–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.924091.
Barnett, M. D., & Adams, C. M. (2018). Ageism and aging anxiety among young adults: Relationships with contact, knowledge, fear of death, and optimism. Educational Gerontology. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2018.1537163 published online Nov 30, 2018.
Bartlett, J. C., & Leslie, J. E. (1986). Aging and memory for faces versus single views of faces. Memory & Cognition, 14, 371–381. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197012.
Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feelings for a member of a stigmatized group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105.
Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect: Mere social categorization is sufficient to elicit an own-group bias in face recognition. Psychological Science, 18, 709–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.x.
Bowen, M. E., McKenzie, B., Steis, M., & Rowe, M. (2011). Prevalence of and antecedents to dementia-related missing incidents in the community. Dementia Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 31, 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329792.
Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1985). The role of experience and contact in the recognition of faces of own- and other-race persons. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01133.x.
Brigham, J. C., & Ready, D. J. (2005). Own-race bias in lineup construction. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01044480.
Brown, R., Vivian, J., & Hewstone, M. (1999). Changing attitudes through intergroup contact: The effects of group membership salience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(5-6), 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<741::AID-EJSP972>3.0.CO;2-8.
Burbank, P., Dowling-Castronovo, A., Crowther, M., & Capezuti, E. (2006). Improving knowledge and attitudes toward older adults through innovative educational strategies. Journal of Professional Nursing, 22(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2006.01.007.
Cadieux, J., Chasteen, A. L., & Packer. (2019). Intergenerational contact predicts attitudes toward older adults through inclusion of the outgroup in the self. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(4), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx176.
Capis, A. (1984). Contact hypothesis and inter-age attitudes: A field study of cross-age contact. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(1), 74–80 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3033890.
Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section, 48A, 879–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401421.
Cozort, R. W. (2008). Student nurses' attitudes regarding older adults: Strategies for fostering improvement through academia. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 3(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2007.07.013.
Curtis, G. J., Russ, A., & Ackland, C. (2015). More inaccurate but not more biased: Anxiety during encoding impairs face recognition accuracy but does not moderate the own-ethnicity bias. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(4), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3138.
Damron-Rodriguez, J., Kramer, B. J., & Gallagher-Thompson. (1998). Effect of geriatric clinical rotations on health professions trainees' attitudes about older adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Education, 19(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1300/J021v19n02_07.
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral & Cognitive. Neuroscience Review, 3(2), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187.
Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 374–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.374.
Dickter, C. L., Gagnon, K. T., Gyurovski, I. I., & Brewington, B. S. (2015). Close contact with racial outgroup members moderates attentional allocation towards outgroup versus ingroup faces. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214527854.
Drury, L., Hutchison, P. S., & Abrams, D. (2016). Direct and extended intergenerational contact and young people's attitudes towards older adults. The British Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12146.
Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. (2004). Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 876–893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876.
Ebner, N. C., He, Y., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Age and emotion affect how we look at a face: Visual scan patterns differ for own-age versus other-age emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 25(6), 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.540817.
Ebner, N. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Age and emotion affect how we look at a face: Visual scan patterns differ for own-age versus other-age emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 25(6), 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.540817.
Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy-related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4(1), 143–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x.
Feingold, C. A. (1914). The influence of environment on the identification of persons and things. Journal of Criminal Law and Police Science, 5, 39–51.
Fleming, S. M. & Lau, H. C. (2014). How to measure metacognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, online. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443.
Freund, A. M., Kourilova, S., & Kuhl, P. (2011). Stronger evidence for own-age effects in memory for older as compared to younger adults. Memory, 19(5), 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.583929.
Fuochi, G., Veneziani, C. A., & Voci, A. (2018). Exploring the social side of self-compassion: Relations with empathy and outgroup attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 769–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2378.
Galinsky, A., & Moskowitz, G. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 708–724. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.708.
Gier V. S. (2019). Recognition of a missing person in a mock silver alert in relation to individual difference factors and the effect of an educational video. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 34(3), 270–284.
Gier, V. S., & Kreiner, D. S. (2009). Memory of children’s faces by adults: Appearance does matter. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 972–986. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1520.
Gier, V. S. & Kreiner, D. S. (2019). The effect of educational priming on face recognition from a Silver Alert. The Journal of General Psychology, Accepted for Publication, Aug 9, 2019.
Gier, V. S., Kreiner, D. S., & Hudnell, W. J. (2012). AMBER alerts: Are school-type photographs the best choice for identifying missing children? Journal of Police Criminal Psychology, 27(9), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-011-9085-z.
Gier, V. S., Kreiner, D. S., & Lampinen, J. M. (2016). Factors affecting recognitions of senior citizens in a silver alert. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 32(3), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9210-0.
Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. C. (2006). The international personality item Pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007.
Gorelik, Y., Damron-Rodrigues, J., Funderburk, B., & Solomon, D. H. (2010). Undergraduate interest in aging: Is it affected by contact with older adults? Journal of Educational Gerontology, 26(7), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270050200626.
Gozdziak, E. M., & Collett, E. A. (2005). Research on human trafficking in North America: A review of literature. International Migration, 43, 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2005.00314.x.
Hampson, E., van Anders, S. M., & Mullin, L. I. (2006). A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial expressions: Test of an evolutionary hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27(6), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.05.002.
Harwood, J., Hewstone, M., Paolini, S., & Voci, A. (2005). Grandparent-grandchild contact and attitudes toward older adults: Moderator and mediator effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271577.
He, Y., Ebner, N. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). What predicts the own-age bias in face recognition memory? Social Cognition, 29(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2011.29.1.97.
Herlitz, A., & Lovén, J. (2013). Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. Visual Cognition, 21(9-11), 1306–1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.823140.
Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2006). Reducing the own-race bias in face recognition by shifting attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59(6), 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210600654750.
Ho, M. R., & Pezdek, K. (2016). Post encoding cognitive processes in the cross-race effect: Categorization and individuation during face recognition. Psychonic Bulletin Review, 23(3), 771–780. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0945-x.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805851.
Hourihan, K. L., Benjamin, A. S., & Liu, X. (2012). A cross-race effect in metamemory: Predictions of face recognition are more accurate for members of our own race. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(3), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.004.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the basic empathy scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010.
Kloth, N., Shields, S.E., & Rhodes, G. (2014). On the other side of the fence: Effects of social categorization and spatial grou** on memory and attention for own-race and other-race faces. PLOS ONE, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105979.
Knight, B., & Johnston, A. (1997). The role of movement in face recognition. Visual Cognition, 4, 265–273. (published online 2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/713756764.
Kogan, N. (1961). Attitudes toward old people: The development of a scale and an examination of correlations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44–54 http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0048053.
Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., Schmeck, R. R., & Avdic, A. (2011). The big five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(4), 472–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.019.
Kramer, T. H., Buckhout, R., & Eugenio, P. (1990). Weapon focus, arousal, and eyewitness memory: Attention must be paid. Law and Human Behavior, 14(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01062971.
Lampinen, J. M., Arnal, J. D., Adams, J., Courtney, K., & Hicks, J. L. (2012). Forensic age progression and the search for missing children. Psychology, Crime & Law, 18, 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2010.499873.
Lampinen, J. M., Arnal, J., & Hicks, J. L. (2009). The effectiveness of supermarket posters in hel** to find missing children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(3), 406–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260508317184.
Lampinen, J. M., Peters, C. S., & Gier, V. S. (2012). Power in numbers: The effect of target set size on prospective person memory in an analog missing child scenario. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 702–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2848.
Lander, K., & Bruce, V. (2004). Repetition priming from moving faces. Memory & Cognition, 32(4), 640–647. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195855.
Latonero, M. (September 1, 2011). Human Trafficking Online: The Role of Social Networking Sites and Online Classifieds. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2045851.
Ledonne, E. N., Poirier, C. R., & Craton, L. G. (2009). Reducing own-age bias: Does contact improve young adults’ recognition of older faces? Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 14(4), 137–141 retrieved on 5/7/2019 from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.psichi.org/resource/resmgr/journal_2009/Winter09JNLeDonne.pdf.
MacAndrew, M., Fielding, E., Kolanowski, A., O'Reilly, M., & Beattie, E. (2017). Observing wandering-related boundary transgression in people with severe dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 21, 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1211620.
Macchi Cassia, V., Proietti, V., Gava, L., & Bricolo, E. (2015). Searching for faces of different ages: Evidence for an experienced-based own-age detection advantage in adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(4), 1037–1048. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000057.
Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(4), 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028434.
Mazancieux, A., Fleming, S. M., Souchay, C., & Moulin, C. (2018). Retrospective confidence judgments across tasks: domaingeneral processes underlying metacognitive accuracy. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dr7ba.
McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1989). The NEO five factor inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
McKelvie, S. J. (1987). Sex differences, lateral reversal, and pose as factors in recognition memory for photographs of faces. Journal of General Psychology, 114, 13–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1987.9711052.
McKelvie, S. J., Standing, L., St. Jean, D., & Law, J. (1993). Gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars: Evidence for the interest hypothesis. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31, 447–448. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334958.
McShane, R., Gedling, K., Keene, J., Fairburn, C., Jacoby, R., & Hope, T. (1998). Getting lost in dementia: A longitudinal study of a behavioral symptom. International Psychogeriatrics, 10, 253–260 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9785146.
Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3.
Moon, H. K., Livne, E., & Marinova, S. V. (2012). Understanding the independent influence of duty and achievement-striving when predicting the relationship between conscientiousness and organizational cultural profiles and hel** behaviors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.740539.
Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., & Giard, M. H. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of age and gender perception on human faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 900–910. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903322370816.
Nakawatase, K. (2019). Silver Alerts are like Amber Alerts for older people. Does your state have them? And why is there no federal program in place? Retrieved on July 30, 2019 at https://considerable.com/silver-alerts/
Nelson, T. D. (2005). Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x.
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Subty** ageism: Policy issues in succession and consumption. Social Issues and Policy Review, 7(1), 36–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2012.01042.x.
Ortman, J. M., Velkoff, V. A., & Hogan, H. (2014). An aging nation: The older population in the United States, Report Number P25-1140. Retrieved on Dec 31, 2018 https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p25-1140.html
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141.
Petonito, G., & Muschert, G. W. (2015). Silver alert programs: An exploration of community sentiment regarding a policy solution to address the critical wandering problem in an aging population. In M. Miller, J. Blumenthal, & J. Chamberlain (Eds.), Handbook of community sentiment. New York, NY: Springer.
Proietti, V., Laurence, S., Matthews, C. M., Zhou, X., & Mondloch, C. J. (2018). Attending to identity cues reduces the own-age but not the own-race recognition advantage. Vision Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2017.11.010.
Rhodes, M. G., & Anastasi, J. S. (2012). The own-age bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 146–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025750.
Rinehardt, E., Schonfeld, L., Brown, L. M., & Rowe, M. (2014). Silver alert: A recovery system for the lost with dementia. The National Academy for Neuropsychology Bulletin, 28(2), 1–33 http://nanonline.org/docs/ResearchandPublications/NANBulletin/Fall%202014%20Bulletin_Reduced%20File%20Size.pdf#page=33.
Sicafuse, L. L., & Miller, M. K. (2010). Social psychological influences on the popularity of Amber alerts. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(11), 1237–1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810379618.
Slone, A. E., Brigham, J. C., & Meissner, C. A. (2000). Social and cognitive factors affecting the own-race bias in whites. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22(2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2202_1.
Soenens, B., Duriez, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Goossens, L. (2007). The intergenerational transmission of empathy-related responding in adolescence: The role of maternal support. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296300.
United States Census Report (2014). Retrieved on Oct 3, 2018 from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p25-1140.html
Valentine, T., Chiroro, P., & Dixon, R. (1995). An account of the own-race bias and the contact hypothesis based on a "face space" model of face recognition. In T. Valentine (Ed.), Cognitive and computational aspects of face recognition: Explorations of face space (pp. 69–94). London: Routledge.
Van Bavel, J. J., Swencionis, R. C., O’Connor, C. O., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). Motivated social memory: Belonging needs moderate the own-group bias in face recognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.006.
Verdichevski, M., & Steeves, K. E. (2013). Own-age and own-sex biases in recognition of aged faces. Acta Psychologica, 144(2), 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.005.
Wallis, J., Lipp, O. V., & Vanman, E. J. (2012). Face age and sex modulate the other-race effect in face recognition. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(8), 1712–1231. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0359-z.
Wheaton, E. M., Schauer, E. D., & Galli, T. V. (2010). Economics of human trafficking. International Migration, 48(4), 114–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00592.x.
White, B. A. (2014). Who cares when nobody is watching? Psychopathic traits and empathy in prosocial behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.033.
Wiese, H. (2012). The role of age and ethnic group in face recognition memory: ERP evidence from a combined own-age and own-race bias study. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.002.
Wiese, H., Komes, J., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2013). Ageing faces in ageing minds: A review on the own-age bias in face recognition. Visual Cognition, 21(9-10), 1337–1363. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2013.823139.
Wiese, H., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2018). Inequality between biases in face memory: Event-related potentials reveal dissociable neural correlates of own-race and own-gender biases. Cortex, 101, 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.016.
Wiese, H., Schweinberger, S. R., & Hansen, K. (2008). The age of the beholder: ERP evidence of an own-age bias in face memory. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2973–2985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.007.
Wixted, J. T., Mickes, L., Clark, S. E., Dunn, J. C., & Wells, W. (2016). Estimating the reliability of eyewitness identifications from police lineups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 113, 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516814112.
Wixted, J. T., & Wells, G. L. (2017). The relationship between eyewitness confidence and identification accuracy: A new synthesis. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(1), 10–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616686966.
Wright, D. B., & Stroud, J. S. (2002). Age differences in lineup identification accuracy: People are better with their own age. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020981501383.
Zahn-Waxler, C., & Smith, K. D. (1992). The development of Prosocial behavior. In V. B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of social development. Perspectives in Developmental Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
IRB Ethical Statement
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
“All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee (Mississippi State University Institutional Review Board and was given Exempt Category 4- Protocol ID: IRB-18492) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.” Compliance Administrator for the HRPP was Nicole Cobb.
Informed Consent
“Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.” There was absolutely no identifying information that would connect the participant with his/her data collected.
Datasets
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the [OSF] repository, https://osf.io/5qmsj/?view_only=38e4ce6c1c214f54aa2b179dce43eccc
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendices
Appendix A
Target and Male Foil Examples
Appendix B
Photos of Silver Alert and Screen Capture of Video of Missing Male
Screen Capture Page of Missing Male Video (42 s).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gier, V.S., Kreiner, D.S. Recognizing a missing senior citizen in relation to experience with the elderly, demographic characteristics, and personality variables. Curr Psychol 39, 397–412 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00499-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00499-0