Abstract
This article assesses the analytical and conceptual construct of sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso by means of the way the author constructs a development sociology from the 1950s to the 1980s. In order to do so, we put together trajectory components of family, institution, and scenario in this perspective of reconstruction of the theoretical, methodological approach of the author. There is also the objective to assess the sociology produced by Cardoso in a country and in a region that occupy a peripheral situation regarding science, and to highlight elements of the dynamics and vitality that sociology in general has had in peripheral countries, especially in the interpretation and the essays concerning themes such as development, dependency, and developmentalism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The unfavorable political conditions during the Brazilian military regime reinforce the importance of intellectual enterprise as symbolic and political struggle. In this sense, there is the so-called USP Sociology School with Florestan Fernandes, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Octavio Ianni, and others. There is also the creation of the CEBRAP (Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento - https://cebrap.org.br), or ”Brazilian Center of Planning and Analysis” by Fernando Henrique Cardoso and José Arthur Giannotti, and others. The two moments had active participation by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, whose engaged purpose, of strong academic formation, though away from political militance, aimed at creating interpretative, critical alternatives for Brazil. Concerning that issue, we recommend “Intellectuals and Democratic Resistance, Marxism and Politics in Brazil”, or “Intelectuais e resistência democrática: vida acadêmica, marxismo e política no Brasil” by Lahuerta (2001).
- Sociologist Florestan Fernandes was born on July 22, 1920 in São Paulo and died on August 10 1995 in São Paulo at 75. In 2020, we celebrate his centenary. On Florestan, there is a vast bibliographic production, but we believe the aspects to be quite relevant, the first one was that Florestan is read and recognized by the Fortuna Crítica as an author that produced books and classical works in different areas of the social sciences. We would like to mention the book “A função social da guerra na sociedade Tupinambá “, or “the social function of war in theTupinambá society”, the book “A integração do negro na sociedade de classes, vol.1 e 2”, or ‘’ The integration of black people and the class society”, and the book “A Revolução burguesa no Brasil: ensaio de interpretação sociológica”, OR “The bourgeoisie revolution in Brazil: sociological interpretation essay”. The last title had its 6th edition published in 2020 (by the Contracorrente publishing house) as part of the celebrations of the authors centenary and the inaugural book in the collection on Florestan Fernandes coordinated in the publishing house by Bernardo Ricúpero. The book also has a preface by André Botelho and Antônio Brasil Jr. and an afterword by Gabriel Cohn. Secondly, we wish to highlight the idea of an engaged sociology and sociologist, where scientific rigor and sociologist get together with the consequences of doing sociology and their reflection and the possibility of social change.
- regarding the CESIT there is a mastering course dissertation, later published as a book entitled “The CESIT experience: political and academic sociology in the 1960s” by sociologist Wagner de Melo Romão in 2003.
- Information excerpted from the Fernando Henrique Cardoso Foundation – Personal Collection - https://fundacaofhc.org.br.
Sachs considers that the article “Problems of Industrialization of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe”, published in 1943, by Paul Rosenstein-Rodan on the industrialization of eastern and meridional Europe would be a sort of foundation landmark for the development theory. (SACHS, 2005).
Francisco de Oliveira, in his book “The Brazilian Economy: criticism to dualistic thinking”, makes a double criticism, first to the Cepal, for giving little emphasis to the analyses of classes and, secondly, the approach to dependency by Cardoso, not in his central foundation, but in his dynamics, that is, for Cardoso, the class pacts would mark a mediation in synchronization of interests, whereas Oliveira evidences that the relations between classes as mediating factors take place at moments of pacts between the external and the internal, as well as at moments where the internal dissociates itself, though circumstantially with the external. (OLIVEIRA, 1988).
References
Antunes, R. (2002). Os sentidos do trabalho – ensaio sobre a afirmação e a negação do trabalho (the meanings of work – essay on the affirmation and denial of work). Boitempo.
Arrighi, G. (1998). A ilusão do desenvolvimento (the illusion of development). Rj, Editora Vozes.
Bastos, E. R. (1998). Florestan Fernandes e a construção das ciências sociais (Florestan Fernandes and the construction of social sciences). In P. H. Martinez, & A. M. Catani (Eds.), Florestan ou o sentido das coisas (Florestan or the meaning of things). Edusp: Boitempo. ISBN-10: 8585934336 - ISBN-13: 978-8585934330
Bastos, E. R., et al. (2006). Conversas com sociólogos brasileiros (talks with Brazilian sociologists). Editora 34.
Beigel, F. (2019). Indicadores De circulación: Una perspectiva multi-escalar para medir la producción científico - tecnológica latino-americana. Ciencia Tecnología Y Política (Circulation Indicators: A multi-scalar Perspective to Measure Latin American Scientific and Technological Production Science Technology and Politics), Año 2(N°3), Julio–Diciembre.
Blanco, A., Antonio, B. R. A. S. I. L. J. R. (2018). The international circulation of florestan fernandes. Sociologia & Antropologia, 8(1), 69–107. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/2238-38752016v813. ISSN 2236–7527.
Botelho, A. (2013). As viagens de Mario de Andrade à Amazônia entre raízes e rotas (Mario de Andrade’s travels to the Amazon between roots and routes). Rev. Inst. Estud. Bras., São Paulo, n. 57, pp. 15–50, dez
Botelho, A. (2019). O retorno da sociedade: política e interpretação do Brasil (the return of society: Politics and interpretation of Brazil). Vozes.
Candido, A. (2006). A Sociologia no Brasil (Sociology in Brazil). Tempo Social, revista de sociologia da USP, v. 18, n.1, junho.
Cardoso, F. H. (1962). O método dialético na análise sociológica (The dialectical method in sociological analysis). Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, vol. II, num. 1, março. https://archive.org/details/rbcs_ifhc/page/n3/mode/2up
Cardoso, F. H. (1969). Mudanças sociais na América Latina (Social changes in Latin America). Difusão Europeia do Livro.
Cardoso, F. H. (1970). Comentario sobre los conceptos de sobrepoblacion relativa y marginalidade (Comment on the concepts of relative overpopulation and marginality). In Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (pp. 57–76).
Cardoso, F. H. (1977). Hegemonia Burguesa E independência econômica: raízes estruturais da crise política brasileira (bourgeois hegemony and economic independence: Structural roots of the Brazilian political crisis). In Tempos Modernos (Ed.), (org.) Celso Furtado. In. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.
Cardoso, F. H. (1995). As ideias e seu lugar: Ensaios sobre as teorias do desenvolvimento (ideas and their place: Essays on development theories). Vozes.
Cardoso, F. H. (1998). O presidente segundo o sociólogo (the president according to the sociologist). Editora Companhia das Letras.
Cardoso, F. H. (2012). A soma e o resto: Um olhar sobre a vida aos 80 anos (the sum and the rest: A look at life at age 80). Civilização Brasileira.
Cardoso, & Fernando Henrique e Cerra, José. (1978). Las desventuras de la dialéctica de la dependencia (the misfortunes of the dialectic of dependence). Acervo Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3539682?origin=crossref
Cordeiro, V. D., & Neri, H. (2020). Essayism as a Sociological Research Tradition in Brazil: A definition of essay and essayism for sociology. The American Sociologist, 51, 267–278.
de Romão, W. M (2003). A experiência do CESIT: Sociologia e política acadêmica nos anos 1960 (the CESIT experience: Sociology and academic politics in the 1960s). Dissertação de Mestrado—São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
Dos Santos, T. (2002). Globalização E Mundialização (globalization and mundialization). FGV - EBAPE.
Dos Santos, T. (2010). Economia Mundial, Integración Regional Y Desarrollo Sustentable: Las Nuevas Tendencias Y La Integración Latinoamericana (World Economy, Regional Integration and Sustainable Development: New trends and Latin American Integration). Infodem.
Dos Santos, T. (2012). Imperialismo Y Dependencia (Imperialism and Dependence). Biblioteca Ayacucho de Clásicos Políticos da América Latina; Banco Central de Venezuela.
Filho, E. D. L. (2005). A sociologia no Brasil: história, teorias e desafios (Sociology in Brazil: history, theories and challenges). Sociologias, Porto Alegre, ano 7, n14, jul/dez.
GarciaJr (1998). Afrânio. La construction interrompue (The construction interrupts). In: Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Vol. 121–122, mars. pp. 52–61. https://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335-5322_1998_num_121_1_3244
GarciaJr (2005). Afrânio. Circulation internationale et formation d’une école de pensée latino-américaine (1945–2000), (Circulation internationale et formation d’une école de pensée latin-américaine (1945–2000), Social Science Information/Information sur les sciences sociales, vol. 44, n° 2/3, pp. 521–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018405053296
Harvey, D. (1996). Condição Pós-Moderna: uma pesquisa sobre as origens da mudança cultural (Postmodern Condition: A research into the origins of cultural change) (Vol. 6). ed. Loyola.
Jackson, L. C., & e Blanco, A. (2014). Sociologia no espelho: ensaístas, cientistas sociais e críticos literários no Brasil e na Argentina (1930–1970) (sociology in the mirror: Essayists, social scientists and literary critics in Brazil and Argentina – 1930–1970). Editora 34.
Lahuerta, M. (2001). Intelectuais e resistência democrática: vida acadêmica, marxismo e política no Brasil (Intellectuals and democratic resistance: academic life, Marxism and politics in Brazil). Cadernos AEL, v. 8, n. 14/15.
Leme, A. A. (2015a). Desenvolvimento e sociologia: uma aproximação necessária (Development and sociology: a necessary approach). Revista Sociedade e Estado, Brasília, v. 30(2), 495–527. https://www.scielo.br/j/se/a/pv35PPNjc3qp8BpPjVbzQ4L/abstract/?lang=pt
Leme, A. A. (2015b). La Centralidad De La política para pensar lo económico en Fernando Henrique Cardoso (the centrality of politics for economic thinking in Fernando Henrique Cardoso). Rev Mex Sociol México v, 77(3), 357–384. https://mexicanadesociologia.unam.mx/index.php/v77n3
Lima, N. T., & BOTELHO, A. (2013). Malária como doença e perspectiva cultural nas viagens de Carlos Chagas e Mário de Andrade à Amazônia (Malaria as a disease and cultural perspective in the trips of Carlos Chagas and Mário de Andrade to the Amazon). Hist. cienc. saude-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 3, pp. 745–763, Sept. https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-59702013000300745&lng=en&nrm=iso. access on 22 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-597020130003000002.
Marini, R. M. (1978). Las razones del neodesarrollismo (respuesta a F. H. Cardoso y J. Serra) (The reasons for neo-developmentalism (answer to F. H. Cardoso and J. Serra)). Revista Mexicana de Sociología. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/se/20100830092707/06razones.pdf
Mészáros, I. (2002). Para além do capital (beyond capital). Boitempo.
Mészáros, I. (2009). A crise estrutural do capital (the structural crisis of capital). Boitempo.
Miceli, S. (2001). História das ciências sociais no Brasil (history of social sciences in Brazil). São Paulo, Editora Sumaré.
Miceli, S. (2002). O que ler na ciência social brasileira – 1970–2002 (What to read in Brazilian social science – 1970–2002). São Paulo, Editora Sumaré.
Moraes, J. Quartim (2010). O estatuto teórico da noção de dependência the theoretical status of the notion of dependence) (p. 31). Revista Crítica Marxista.
Nun, J. L. (1969). Superpopulación relativa, ejército industrial de reserva y masa marginal (Relative overpopulation, industrial reserve army and marginal mass). in. Revista Latinoamericana de Sociologia, v.5, n.2, junho.
Nun, J. L. (1971). Marginalidad Y otras cuestiones (marginality and other questions) in (pp. 97–128). Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLASCO. n.4.
Nun, & José Luis. (2001). Marginalidad Y Exclusión social (marginality and social exclusión). Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Oliveira, F. (1998). A economia brasileira: Critica a razão dualista (the Brazilian economy: Criticizes the dualist reason). Vozes.
Quijano, A., & Lima (2020).: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
Rodrigues, L. S. (2011). A produção social do marxismo universitário em São Paulo: Mestres, discípulos e um seminário (1958–1978). (the social production of university Marxism in São Paulo: Masters, disciples and a seminar (1958–1978). Universidade de São Paulo. https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-05072012-164401/pt-br.php
Rodríguez, O. (2009). O estruturalismo latino-americano (latin American structuralism). Civilização Brasileira.
Sachs, I. (2005). Desenvolvimento e cultura. Desenvolvimento da cultura. Cultura do desenvolvimento (Development and culture. Development of culture. Development culture). Revista O&S - v.12 - n.33 - Abril/Junho.
Santos, W. G. (2002). Roteiro bibliográfico do pensamento político-social brasileiro (1870–1965) (Bibliographical guide to Brazilian political-social thought (1870–1965).Belo Horizonte, Editora UFMG, 2002.
Santos, & Boaventura de Sousa. (2003). Pela mão De Alice: O social e o político na pós-modernidade (By the hand of Alice: The social and political in postmodernity). Editora Cortez.
Sapiro, G. (2018a). Entre o nacional e o internacional: O surgimento histórico da sociologia como campo (between the national and the international: The historical emergence of sociology as a field) (Vol. 33). Revista Sociedade e Estado. Número 2, Maio/Agosto.
Sapiro, G. (2018b). ¿Cómo la sobras literárias atraviesan fronteras(ono)? Una aproximación sociológica a la literatura mundial». (How do literary works cross borders? A sociological approach to world literature). El taco en la brea7(diciembre–mayo),182–194 Santa Fe, Argentina:UNL.https://doi.org/10.14409/tb.v0i7.7363.
Toledo, C. N. (1982). ISEB: Fábrica de Ideologias (ISEB: Factory of Ideologies). São Paulo: Ática. https://repositorio.unicamp.br/acervo/detalhe/1237868
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world system. Academic Press.
Wallerstein, I. (2004). World-system analysis. Duke University Press.
Weffort, F. (1971). Notas sobre a ‘teoria da dependência’: Teoria de classe ou ideologia nacional (notes on ‘dependency theory’: Class theory or national ideology). Estudos CEBRAP, n. 1, 1–24. https://bibliotecavirtual.cebrap.org.br/arquivos/nota_sobre_a_teoria_da_dependencia_a.pdf
Weffort, F. (1978). O populismo na política Brasileira. Paz e Terra. Populism in Brazilian politics.
Funding
Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro - FAPERJ (Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro - FAPERJ) - SCHOLARSHIP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
We are the sole author of the article
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Declarations
Not applicable
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Leme, A. The Sociology of Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Contexts, Circulation, Debates and Criticism. Am Soc (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-024-09623-5
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-024-09623-5