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Evidence of deep subsurface carbon–sulfur geochemistry in a sediment core from the eastern Arabian Sea

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Abstract

Deep biospheric anaerobic microbial sulfate reduction and oxidative sulfur cycling have been studied in long sediment cores mainly acquired as part of IODP explorations. The most remarkable observation in many of these studies is the existence of an active sulfur cycle in the deep subsurface sediments that have very low organic carbon content and are presumably refractory. Here, we investigate the interstitial sulfate concentrations and sulfur isotope ratios in a 290 m-long sediment core collected from the eastern Arabian Sea at a water depth of 2663 m. Continuous decrease in porewater-sulfate concentrations with depth (up to 75 mbsf) coupled with enrichment in δ34SSO4 values suggests organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) processes attributed to the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and retention of labile organic substrates amenable to the SRBs. Below a depth of 75 mbsf, the absence of further reduction in sulfate concentration indicates insufficient labile substrate to drive sulfate-reduction activity. An increase in sulfate concentrations at the deeper subsurface (below 128.5 mbsf) coupled with decreasing δ34SSO4 values may be attributed to the oxidation of Fe-sulfide to sulfate. The increase in porewater alkalinity in the lower part of the core has been linked to the silicate degradation process by CO2 produced via the dissolution of CaCO3. Compilation of previous studies from this core, along with our investigation, intrigues future research on organic matter reactivity and microbiological activity in deeper subsurface under oligotrophic depositional regimes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the director of CSIR-NIO for supporting this study. We thank NGHP for providing samples and onboarding the scientific team to obtain pore fluid data. We sincerely thank MOES for funding the program and CSIR for the research fellowship (SRF) to Kalyani Sivan, Ankita Ghosh and Mohd. Sadique. We thank Mrs Maria Desa for her contribution to making the figures. This study was funded by Ministry of Earth Sciences (GAP2303).

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  1. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Panaji, Goa, 403 004, India

    Aninda Mazumdar, Aditya Peketi, Namrata Khadke, Subhashree Mishra, Kalyani Sivan, Ankita Ghosh, Sai Pavan Kumar Pillutla, Mohammad Sadique & Anjali Zatale

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India

    Kalyani Sivan, Ankita Ghosh & Anjali Zatale

  3. School of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, 403 206, India

    Sai Pavan Kumar Pillutla & Mohammad Sadique

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  1. Aninda Mazumdar
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Aninda Mazumdar: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, visualization, funding acquisition, formal analysis, writing – original draft; Aditya Peketi: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, visualization, formal analysis, writing – original draft; Namrata Khadge: Data generation, methodology; Subhashree Mishra: Data generation, methodology; Kalyani Sivan: Data generation, methodology; A Ghosh: Data generation, methodology; S P K Pillutla: Data generation, methodology; Mohd. Sadique: Data generation, methodology; A Zatale: Data generation, methodology.

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Correspondence to Aninda Mazumdar.

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Communicated by Ramananda Chakrabarti

All the authors belong to Methane Hydrate and Cold Seep Exploration Group.

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Mazumdar, A., Peketi, A., Khadke, N. et al. Evidence of deep subsurface carbon–sulfur geochemistry in a sediment core from the eastern Arabian Sea. J Earth Syst Sci 133, 121 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02330-2

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