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Recent advances in three-dimensional bioprinted nanocellulose-based hydrogel scaffolds for biomedical applications

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Abstract

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth. Due to its excellent physical and biological traits, particularly its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity, it has become promising material for biomedical applications. Moreover, cellulose-based hydrogels are the best-suited for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and ability to be controllably molded into different shapes. Therefore, in recent years, a significant amount of research has been focused on preparing cellulose-based materials such as cellulose hydrogels with different morphologies and functional groups. Among the various methods used to prepare cellulose-based hydrogels, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been used to generate these materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and scaffolds due to the customizability of their complex morphology. To date, many studies have been published on the important aspects of the bioprinting of cellulose-based hydrogels; however, despite an increasing amount of research in this area, various issues still exist that prevent their advanced applications. In addition, cellulose exists in various forms and, depending on its type, exhibits unique physical and rheological properties. It is, therefore, meaningful to fabricate advanced cellulose-based hydrogels only when the properties of the cellulose derivatives are well understood. In this review, the emerging approaches of the design and fabrication of advanced cellulose-based biomaterials (i.e., cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose) are discussed, as well as their roles in traditional and emerging (3D bioprinting) biomedical fields, mainly in drug delivery, wound dressings, tissue engineering, and scaffold applications.

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Abbreviations

AA:

acrylic acid

APS:

ammonium persulfate

BNC:

bacterial cellulose

BNC/COL:

collagen-based bacterial nanocellulose

BCNC:

bacterial cellulose nanocrystals

BCNF:

bacterial cellulose nanofibers

BNCT:

thymol bacterial nanocellulose

bFGF:

fibroblast growth factor

BSA:

bovine serum albumin

cCNC:

carboxylate cellulose nanocrystals

CCNC:

cationic cellulose nanocrystals

CHO-CNC:

aldehyde-based cellulose nanocrystals

CMC:

carboxymethyl cellulose

CNC:

cellulose nanocrystals

CNF:

cellulose nanofibrils

CS:

chitosan

chCNFs:

chitin nanofibers

DOPA:

dopamine

ECMS:

extracellular matrix system

ENS:

enteric nervous system

G:

graphene

GelMa:

gelatin methacrylamide

GGM:

galactoglucomannan

GMs:

gelatin microspheres

GO:

oxidized graphene

HA:

hydrogel alone

HAP:

hydroxyapatite

HC:

hydrogel filled with cells

HEMA:

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

HIPE:

high internal phase emulsion

hNC:

human nasal chondrocytes

IBU:

ibuprofen

LbL:

layer-by-layer

m(BNC):

microstructured bacterial nanocellulose

MDI:

methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

MNPs:

metal nanoparticles

MONPs:

metal oxide nanoparticles

PAA:

poly(acrylic acid)

PAAm:

polyacrylamide

PBS:

phosphate-buffered saline

PDA:

phenylenediamine

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

PEGDA:

poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

PHEMA:

poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

PNIPAAM:

poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)

PMVEMA:

poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid)

rGO:

reduced graphene oxide

SA:

sodium alginate

Semi-IPN:

semi-interpenetrating network

SF:

silk fibroin

SL:

stereolithography

SMCs:

soft muscle cells

SS:

silk sericin

TEA:

triethylamine

TEMED:

N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine

TEMPO:

(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl

TiO2 :

titanium dioxide

UPy:

2-ureido-4[1H] pyrimidinone

Xls:

laponite mono clay

XyG, XG:

xyloglucan

ZnO:

zinc oxide

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful for financial support from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy of the Republic of Korea (20014762) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. 20201I1A304491).

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  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Korea

    Anam Saddique & In Woo Cheong

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Correspondence to In Woo Cheong.

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In Woo Cheong obtained B.S., M.S., and Ph.D degree in Chem. Eng. at Yonsei Univ., Korea, in 1995, 1997, and 2001, respectively. From 2002 to 2004, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Sydney University and Yonsei University. He joined Kyungpook National University (KNU) in 2005 and is currently a professor in Dept. Appl. Chem. in KNU. He published more than 150 papers and 30 international and domestic patents. He is also the Chief Editor of J. Adhes. Interface (2020. 1.∼ present) and has been recognized with several awards including Best Lecture Awards (KNU, 2008, 2010), Excellent Researcher (KNU, JCR 5% - 2018, 2021), and Best Lecture Award (KSEE, 2020).

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Saddique, A., Cheong, I.W. Recent advances in three-dimensional bioprinted nanocellulose-based hydrogel scaffolds for biomedical applications. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 38, 2171–2194 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0926-x

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