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Annealing Behavior of Cold-Rolled Inconel 601

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Abstract

Present study investigates isothermal annealing behavior of prior cold-worked Inconel 601 (aka, IN 601) sheets. The study comprehensively covers the annealing response of the material over wide cold-reduction and temperature ranges. Using structural characterization and mechanical testing, the study tracks strain-hardening, strain-aging, recovery, and recrystallization stages of IN 601 sheets as a function of degree of cold-reduction and annealing temperature. Using X-Ray diffraction analysis, hardness measurements, and tensile tests, the study reveals that prior cold-worked IN 601, irrespective of the degree of cold-reduction, consistently exhibits strain-aging during low-temperature (~ 0.4Tm) annealing. The investigation establishes that the ‘recovery stage’ is preceded by ‘strain-aging-stage’ during which the alloy exhibits superior strength and hardness than the strain-hardened and recovered states. Based on the thermomechanical experimental results, the current work proposes a recrystallization map that integrates the ‘strain-hardening’ and ‘strain-aging’ stages with the recovery and recrystallization stages. Additionally, microstructural analysis and SEM-EBSD analysis presented in this work indicate that, by suitably controlling strain-hardening and the recrystallization annealing, a refined microstructure comprising high aspect-ratio grains having high-angle grain-boundaries can be obtained that may improve both fatigue and creep properties of IN 601 sheets.

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Acknowledgment

Authors thank the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NITK, and the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, for providing experimental facilities and financial support, respectively, for completing this work. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru, 575025, India

    Preetish C. Dsilva, Basavaraj Padasale & Subray R. Hegde

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra, 400 076, India

    Jitesh Vasavada & Sushil Mishra

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Correspondence to Basavaraj Padasale.

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Appendices

Appendix

Appendix 1: Recrystallization behavior of IN 601

Cold-reduction , %

Annealing temperature

0.4Tm , 380 °C

0.5Tm

, 543 °C

0.6Tm , 720 °C

0.7Tm , 880 °C

0.8Tm , 1025 °C

10

Strain aging

Strain aging

Recovery

Recovery

Recovery

20

Strain aging

Strain aging

Recovery

Recovery

Recovery

30

Strain aging

Strain aging

Recovery

Recovery

Partial-Recrystallization

40

Strain aging

Strain aging

Recovery

Partial-Recrystallization

Partial-Recrystallization

50

Strain aging

Strain aging

Recovery

Partial-Recrystallization

Recrystallization

60

Strain aging

Recovery

Recovery

Partial-Recrystallization

Recrystallization

70

Strain aging

Recovery

Recovery

Partial-Recrystallization

Recrystallization

80

Strain aging

Recovery

Recovery

Partial-Recrystallization

Recrystallization

Appendix 2: Hardness (HV) values for processed IN 601 sheet specimens

% Cold-reduction

Cold rolled at R.T

Annealing temperature for 1 h

0.4Tm, 380 °C

0.5Tm, 543 °C

0.6Tm, 720 °C

0.7Tm, 880 °C

0.8Tm, 1025 °C

10

272

281

367

338

235

221

20

318

331

380

360

278

204

30

332

365

385

377

299

209

40

376

430

422

384

229

210

50

409

433

428

388

233

204

60

431

459

476

416

242

205

70

439

487

483

310

252

202

80

486

521

495

351

253

209

Appendix 3: Tensile test values for processed IN 601 sheet specimens

Properties

30%

50%

70%

σyield, N/mm2

σmax, N/mm2

Ductility, %

σyield, N/mm2

σmax, N/mm2

Ductility, %

σyield, N/mm2

σmax, N/mm2

Ductility, %

0.18Tm, CR

816.4

836

9.99073

993.8

1002.0

6.81

1074.7

1086

4.8

0.4Tm

864.5

889

10.6

1052.0

1060.0

7.11

1193.1

1196

6.1

0.5Tm

795.4

874

13.7

978.3

1006.3

7.4

1037.5

1064

5.3

0.6Tm

470.5

687

21.4

302.8

642.1

33.2

403.8

690

27.7

0.7Tm

317.6

645

35.3

271.9

635.7

37.6

345.1

654

32.6

0.8Tm

150.2

454

46.4

148.7

523.7

42.8

141.4

501

41.7

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Dsilva, P.C., Padasale, B., Vasavada, J. et al. Annealing Behavior of Cold-Rolled Inconel 601. J. of Materi Eng and Perform (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-08681-z

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